Ancient Rome is one of the leading civilizations Ancient world and antiquity, got its name from the main city (Roma), in turn named after the legendary founder - Romulus.
Slide 2
The center of Rome developed within a swampy plain, limited
- Capitol,
- Palatine
- Quirinal.
Slide 3
The official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, and the religion was polytheistic for most of its existence.
- Neptune (god of the seas)
- Hephaestus (god of fire)
Slide 4
The unofficial emblem of the empire was the golden eagle.
Slide 5
- Fire brigades
- Central heating
- Apartment buildings
- Paved roads
- Christianity
- Hourglass
- Aqueduct
- Water wheel
Slide 6
According to legend, the daughter of the local king Rhea Silvia and the Roman god of war Mars gave birth to sons Romulus and his twin brother Remus.
The Legend of the Founding of Rome
Slide 7
The mother of Romulus and Remus, Rhea Silvia, was the daughter of the legitimate king Numitor, who was removed from his throne younger brother Amulius.
Slide 8
Amulius did not want Numitor’s children to interfere with his ambitious plans: Numitor’s son disappeared during a hunt, and Rhea Silvia was forced to become a vestal virgin, which doomed her to a 30-year vow of celibacy. In the fourth year of her service, the god Mars appeared to her in the sacred grove, from whom Rhea Silvia gave birth to two brothers.
Slide 9
Parental home of Remus and Romulus...
Slide 10
Rubens "Romulus and Remus". Wolf Cave
The angry Amulius took her into custody, and ordered the babies to be put in a basket and thrown into the Tiber River. However, the basket washed ashore at the foot of the Palatine Hill, where they were suckled by a she-wolf.
Slide 11
and the mother's worries were replaced by the arrival of a woodpecker and lapwing. Subsequently, all these animals became sacred to Rome.
Slide 12
The she-wolf who suckled Romulus and Remus...
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Then the brothers were picked up by the royal shepherd Faustul. His wife, Akka Larentia, who had not yet been consoled after the death of her child, took the twins into her care.
Slide 17
When Romulus and Remus grew up, they returned to Alba Longa, where they learned the secret of their origin
They killed Amulius and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne.
Slide 18
There is another version of this legend...
Romulus and Remus overthrew the criminal king and returned power over Alba to their grandfather. They themselves and their retinue moved to the banks of the Tiber - to the places where they were suckled by the she-wolf.
Here they decided to lay new city, but they could not agree on who would reign in it, because the twins had no advantage over each other.
Slide 19
Finally, relying on the will of the gods, the brothers began to follow the heavenly signs (signs).
Remus, who was telling fortunes on the Aventine Hill, was the first to see good sign- six kites soaring in the sky.
Slide 20
Romulus, sitting on the Palatine, saw 12 birds a little later.
Each of the brothers interpreted the signs in their favor, a quarrel broke out between them, and Romulus, rashly striking his brother, killed him on the spot.
Slide 21
On the Palatine Hill, where brotherly blood was shed, the first fortifications of the city, which received the name of its founder, were erected.
He was named Roma in honor of Romulus.
Slide 22
Founding of Rome.
The legendary date of the founding of Rome is 753 BC
However, settlements on the site of Rome existed long before this date.
On the left bank of the Tiber, on the elevated hills, there were settlements that later united into one city.
- Quirinal
- Viminal
- Esquiline
- Caelium
- Aventine
- Palatine
- Capitol
Slide 23
At first, Romulus's main concern was increasing the population of the city. To this end, he granted the newcomers the same rights, freedoms, and citizenship as the original settlers. For them he set aside the lands of Capitol Hill.
Slide 24
Thanks to this, fugitive slaves, exiles and simply adventurers from other cities and countries began to flock to the city.
Citizens of ancient Rome
Slide 25
Slide 26
The ancient Romans lived in primitive houses made of willow twigs coated with clay.
Nearby there was a garden and a vegetable garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures.
As a result of constant wars with neighboring cities, the Romans expanded their territory.
In addition to the patricians, settlers from Latin settlements conquered by Rome, as well as from other regions of Italy, lived in the city.
They were called plebeians.
Only patricians took part in the governance of ancient Rome.
The elders of the clans sat in a council called the Senate.
Slide 31
The king was elected by the people's assembly for life (until 510 BC)
The procedure for forming the Senate in ancient Rome
Common holidays, mutual assistance
People's Assembly
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Family
- Elder
- Elder
- Senate
One elder from each clan (300 clans)
Slide 32
People's Assembly (consisting of male patricians)
- Declared war
- Made peace
- Elected a king (for life)
- Senate
- Patrician families
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Civil war Sulla (13878 BC) Title of dictator Introduction of proscriptions (list of executions) Strengthening the role of the army Gaius Marius 157 BC e 86 BC e., -strengthening the army Armament at the expense of the state -contract army service 16 years -payment for service -
At the Forum, signs were posted with the names of those who should have been eliminated; initially they were Sulla’s personal enemies, but then the list began to be replenished with rich Romans who were far from politics. However, it cannot be ruled out that sources may not be aware of the real reasons behind the inclusion of seemingly random individuals on the lists. The tablets also contained the rationale for the proscriptions and legally established their various aspects. Thus, the murderer of the proscribed man, who brought Sulla’s head as evidence, received two talents (40 kg) of silver, and if the murderer was a slave, then he received freedom. The informers also received gifts. Death awaited those who sheltered those on the lists. The sons and grandsons of those convicted were deprived of their citizenship, and the property of those convicted was subject to confiscation in favor of the state. Many of Sulla's associates (for example, Pompey, Crassus, Lucullus) made enormous wealth from property sales and the inclusion of rich people in proscriptions. Crassus, however, was subsequently removed from proscription due to the inclusion of a person in the proscription lists without the consent of Sulla
At that time, the future permanent dictator Gaius Julius Caesar was under threat of death, but his influential relatives managed to persuade Sulla to spare him. According to Plutarch, Sulla said about Caesar to his comrades: “You understand nothing if you do not see that there are many Marius in this boy.” Suetonius recorded a similar version: “Sulla surrendered, but exclaimed, obeying either divine inspiration or his own instinct: Your victory, take it! but know: the one whose salvation you are trying so hard for will someday become destruction for the cause of the optimates, which you and I defended: in one Caesar there are many Maries hidden!
Reign of Caesar CAESAR Gaius Julius (July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC), Roman politician and commander;. He began his political activity as a supporter of the republic in 49 BC. e., relying on the army, began the struggle for autocracy. Having defeated Pompey and his supporters in BC. e. (Crassus died in 53 BC), found himself at the head of the state. Having concentrated in his hands a number of the most important republican positions (dictator, consul, etc.), he actually became a monarch. Killed as a result of a conspiracy on March 15, 1944
Marcus Ulpius Trajan - the best emperor - campaign against the Dacians - annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia - a fund to help the poor was created - obliged senators to invest money in the country's economy - strengthening borders - strict implementation of laws (lawyer Papinion)
Caracalla
Soldier Emperor - Diocletian 284 - 305 -Tetrarchy (divided Rome into 4 parts) -Divided the army into court and main -construction -high taxes “Table of Ranks” voluntary renunciation of power (grew cabbage)
Early Empire 3rd century AD e. – Systemic crisis of the empire. External danger. Reduction of slaves. Impoverishment of farmers - Colons (for life). Slave revolts. Reduction in trade. Increase in taxes. "Soldier" emperors. In the army they are provincials. Lack of funds for maintenance. Provinces are trying to break free from Roman control
Late Empire. Konstantin Mr. Roman emperor from 306. Consistently centralized the state apparatus, supported the Christian church, while also preserving pagan cults. B founded new capital Constantinople Introduced registration at the place of birth 313 - Ediolan Edict - religious tolerance. Arianism: God the Son is not equal, but “similar” to God the Father. 325 – Council of Nicaea - Creed (code of dogma), condemnation of Arianism. 330 - Capital in Constantinople. Columns to the ground. 395 – Division into Western and Eastern Empires.
Late Empire IV – V centuries. The Great Migration of Peoples. The main enemies are the Germans (Goths, Vandals) and the Huns. 378 - The Goths defeated the Roman army. 408, 410 - Alaric to Rome. Ransom. Liberation of 40 thousand slaves. Again, fall, ruin. 451 – Catalunian fields. Huns. Death of Attila. But: 476 - Odoacer overthrew Romulus Augustus. Imperial regalia to Constantinople. Romulus Augustus presents the crown to Odoacer
Topic: “Ancient Rome. Roman Empire"
General history, 10th grade.
Homework: Paragraph 7, notes in a notebook and an oral answer on the item “Roman Law”. Plan:
- Early Empire. Principate;
- Late Empire. Dominant;
- The emergence of Christianity;
- Roman law.
Emperor Constantine the Great. Mosaic fragment. Cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople. End of the 10th century
Fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Western Empire was undermined from the inside by the movement of slaves and columns, and from the outside it was constantly harassed by barbarian raids, which accelerated the process of collapse. In 410, Rome was captured by the Visigoths. September 4, 476 The German leader Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus. Thus ended the 12-century rule of Rome.
Romulus Augustus presents the crown to Odoacer
PreparedChernyakhovsk
2008
Smirnov Alexander,
8th grade student
Municipal educational institution "Lyceum No. 7" Ancient Rome, foundation
Political structure
Daily life
Roman entertainment
Army of the Romans
Caesar
Dictionary
Sources of information
Ancient Rome
Around the 10th century. BC e. on the hills near the Tiber RiverThe first Romans settled. By 264 BC. e. they already
controlled
all
territory
modern
Italy, and by 220 they had created a huge empire. They
were skilled engineers, built beautiful
cities and magnificent roads. Roman Empire
controlled
extensive
territories
And
lasted until 476
Founding of Rome
ViminalQuirinal
Capitol
Esquiline
Palatine
Aventine
Caelium
Legendary
date
the founding of Rome is
753 BC
However, settlements on
place of Rome existed
long before this date.
On the left bank of the Tiber on
sublime
hills
existed
settlements,
united
subsequently to one city.
Founding of Rome
AncientRomans
lived in primitive houses
from
willow
twigs
coated with clay.
Nearby were a garden and
garden, and outside
cities - fields and pastures.
As a result of constant
wars with neighboring cities
Romans
expanded
subject territory.
Founding of Rome
Romanswere engaged
agriculture
And
grown:
wheat,
barley, grapes, flax.
It developed in Rome
animal husbandry, Romans
raised cows and pigs,
horses and donkeys.
Founding of Rome
ResidentsRome
were
skilled craftsmen:
blacksmiths,
weavers,
potters.
Huge
scope
bread baking has reached - by
all
Latin
were
scattered
mills and
bread ovens.
Some
the most ancient
mills have survived to this day
still in working order.
Royal period of Roman history (753-509 BC)
Rome was ruled by seven kings:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Tullus Hostilius
Ankh Marcius
Tarquin the Ancient
Servius Thulius
Taquinius the Proud
Royal period of Roman history
Rome from a bird's eye viewDuring the reign
kings, Rome turned into
real
city.
IN
city
appeared
market
square
–
forum.
On
himself
precipitous
hill,
Capitols,
erected
fortress,
V
which
were
main
temples. To protect against
enemies surrounded the city
strong walls.
Roman Republic:
2 consulsSENATE
1. Declared war and
made peace;
2. Led
everyday
state policy;
In 509 BC.
there was an expulsion from
Rome's last king.
Established in Rome
republican system
– i.e. state
governed by the elected
on
their
posts
officials.
Roman Republic:
Supreme bodyconsisted of men
MEETING
PATRICIA
SENATE
GENUS
FAMILY
FAMILY
PATRICIA
Council of Elders
childbirth
In the case when the state
threatened
emergency
danger, senate and consuls
appointed
on
six months
dictator, vested with
this period is unlimited
power.
Dictator - leader of the people
Dictatorship–
emergency
job title
in Ancient Rome,
introduced into critical
For
states moments – during
wars or civil unrest. This
the word comes from Latin
verb
dictare
(repeat,
prescribe). At first
dictator ("leader of the people")
were elected from the patricians, but in 356
BC became a dictator for the first time
plebeian.
Supreme power
The Romans called the highest authority instate
empire.
This
term
is happening
from
verb
imperare
–
"manage", "rule" and literally
means
"order",
"punishment".
Initially
empire
ordered
tsar. With the fall royal power And
establishing
republics
at
Romans
there was an idea that the supreme
the bearer of the empire is the Roman himself
people. It is curious that within
any citizen of his own household
Rome had a "domestic empire", then
has absolute power over all members
families.
Patricians and plebeians
PATRICIAPlebeians
Descendants
ancient
residents of Rome
Migrants from other
regions of Italy
2 folk
tribune
By 287 BC
plebeians
received
equal rights with
patricians.
Ancient Roman people
Romansociety
shared
on
some
social
classes.
Only
men could gain status
citizen.
IN
period
republican
board
citizens were divided into patricians
(know)
And
plebeians
(lower
classes). Women were engaged
home and family, but some
there were certain noble ladies
power
And
influence.
Fate
the Roman slave was entirely dependent
from the will of the owner, but for the faithful
service the slave could be freed.
Daily life of the Romans
Many Romans lived incities.
On
large
forums,
which
used as markets
Also
passed
political
meetings.
Moreover, the Romans often
attended the theater and races. So
How
places
was
few,
the poor lived in apartments in
tall and narrow houses.
Roman Forum
INcenter
everyone
Roman city was
square,
called
"forum".
On
big
forum in Rome was
basilica - a building in which
the Senate was meeting. Were nearby
temples, shops and market. On
in the forum there were statues and
triumphant
arches,
erected in honor of the glorious
acts of the emperor. In this
the place the Romans designated
meetings, listened to speakers and
accepted
important
public decisions. IN
Rome
all
power
belonged to men.
Man
was
head
families,
had
right
be present
on
meetings and participate in
management
city.
The women stayed at home and
brought up
children.
The boys went to school
and the girls stayed at home,
learned to weave and spin,
run a household. All children
considered adults from 14
years.
Trade in Ancient Rome
The Romans understood everythingimportance
trade.
Thanks to
to her
empire
flourished.
Craftsmen
sold
their
products
merchants and townspeople. And I'm going
could be purchased at
numerous markets in
snack bars
And
little ones
shops. Were in use
coins minted
controlled
myself
emperor With this money
paid
salary
soldiers, they had
walking throughout the empire,
which made trading easier.
Roman baths
Only for rich city dwellerswere
homemade
baths
Majority
Romans
enjoyed
public baths and thermal baths. After the hall for
people were undressing
through a series of rooms, in
each of which was
hotter than the previous one.
People were sweating, all the dirt
"was melted out"
from
body,
A
then
scraped off with metal
or a bone instrument,
called
"sheepshearer".
Ablution
completed
diving into the pool with
cold water.
Roman aqueduct
Romanslearned
deliver water to their cities
through aqueducts - stone
bridges with closed gutters,
with running water
was carried out through deep
valleys and gorges. Roman
engineers had rich experience
in the construction of arches and bridges,
which allowed them to build
powerful and elegant aqueducts.
Some of them have survived
up to now.
Roman fashion
Most Romans wore clothing made fromflax and wool. Many Roman women did
it themselves: they spun wool and twisted flax,
weaved on a loom. Mostly Romans
They wore simple tunics. Roman citizens
had the right to wear a toga - spacious
a garment worn over
tunics Togas were almost always white,
But
could
have
colored
border,
indicating the status of the owner. Only
the Roman emperor could wear purple
toga Roman women wore it over their tunic
loose dresses. Usually they were
white, but often decorated
pattern or embroidery.
Great Circus
Onefrom
loved ones
entertainment of the ancient Romans
there were chariot races.
The largest platform
there was a big one for the competition
circus (Circus Maximus) in Rome.
It was calculated approximately
for 250,000 spectators. In
12 chariot race time
seven had to go
circles Chariot drivers, in
mostly
slaves,
were
separated
on
four
teams,
at
each
from
which had their own colors: white, blue, red and
green.
Roman Colosseum
In order to purchasepopularity
V
people,
the emperors arranged for
Roman games and festivals. IN
72 Emperor Vespasian
ordered the construction of a huge
amphitheater - Colosseum. Crowds
the Romans came to see
to gladiator fights with each other
friend and with wild animals.
And sometimes the central arena
flooded to represent
sea battle.
The Colosseum means “huge” in Roman. The Flavian Amphitheater was built under Emperor Vespasian. The amphitheater in ancient times was 5
ColiseumV
translation
With
Roman
–
means
"huge". Flavian Amphitheater
was erected under the emperor
Vespasians.
Amphitheater
V
ancient times was 500 meters in
circumference and height up to 50
meters.
Tribunes
Colosseum
accommodated up to 50 thousand spectators. IN
bad weather under the arena, with the help
special
mechanism,
stretched
canvas
roof.
Floor
arenas
gave
opportunity to see underground
cameras,
in which they were kept
wild
animals.
Hungry,
brought
to
rage
animals were pushed out
up
With
with help
lifting
mechanisms. Coliseum
was
practically
fully
mechanized building.
Thanks to ingenious devices
islands “grew” out of nowhere,
between which water splashed, and from
niche,
arranged under the spectators
tiers,
warships were sailing.
All efforts of the technicians were directed
on
That
to
amuse
compatriots with a bloody spectacle.
To the arena
released
approximately
equal
By
strength
warriors who
said the traditional greeting
to the emperor: “Coming
on
death
Hail you, Caesar!
Not
all gladiators
found
death
on
arena.
Some
were freed from slavery and became
freedmen
opened
own
schools
fighters.
Among
Spartak was one of them.
Today the Colosseum is considered
the most
majestic
antique
construction. This is roughly what the Colosseum looked like in the distant past.
Colosseum: reconstruction of the exterior. The Colosseum played a large role in the life of the Romans,
That’s why it was even depicted on coins.
Colosseum on an ancient Roman coin from 80 The Colosseum is the symbol of Rome
The Colosseum today (exterior) Roman numbering
There is no reliable information about the origin of Roman numerals. IN
Roman numbering clearly shows traces of the fivefold
number systems. There are no traces in the language of the Romans
There is no fivefold system. So these numbers were borrowed
Romans from another people (most likely the Etruscans). Such
numbering prevailed in Italy until the 13th century, and in other countries
Western Europe - until the 16th century.
This is probably the most famous numbering, after Arabic. With her
we often encounter everyday life. This
numbers of chapters in books, indication of the century, numbers on a watch dial,
etc.
This numbering originated in ancient Rome. It was used for
additive alphabetic number system
I - 1, V - 5, X - 10, L - 50, C - 100, D - 500, M -1,000
Previously, the sign M was represented by the sign F, which is why 500 became
depict the sign D as “half” F. The pairs L and
C, X and V. Roman numbering
Numerical designations in Ancient Rome resembled
the first method of Greek numbering. The Romans had
special notations not only for numbers 1, 10, 100 and
1000, but also for the numbers 5, 50 and 500. Roman numerals had
this type: 1 - I, 5 - V, 10 - X, 50 - L, 100 - C, 500 - D and 1000 M. Perhaps the V sign meant open hand, and X is two
such hands. But there is another explanation. When the count was ticking
in tens, then, having drawn 9 sticks, the tenth of them
crossed out. And in order not to write too many sticks,
They crossed out one stick and wrote ten like this: . from here
and the Roman numeral X turned out. And the number 5 turned out
simply by cutting the number 10 in half. Roman numbering
An interesting system of fractions was in the Ancient
Rome. It was based on division by 12
fraction of a unit of weight, which was called ass.
The twelfth part of an ace was called an ounce. A
path, time and other quantities were compared with
a visual thing - weight. For example,
a Roman could say that he walked seven
ounces of travel or read five ounces of a book. At
this, of course, was not about weighing
paths or books. It meant that it was passed
7/12 of the way or 5/12 of the book read.
Due to the fact that in the duodecimal system
there are no fractions with denominators of 10 or 100,
The Romans found it difficult to divide by 10, 100, etc.
d. When dividing 1001 assa by 100, one Roman
the mathematician first received 10 aces, then
crushed the ace into ounces, etc. But from the remainder
he didn't get rid of it. To avoid having to deal with
like this
calculations,
Romans
steel
use percentages.
Since the words "per hundred" sounded in Latin "about
centum", then the hundredth part was called
percentage.
Roman warfare
Roman conquests
RomeRoman conquests
TIMEWho did you fight with?
Romans
What happened
annexed
Consequences
VI-IV centuries BC
Etruscans, Italian
tribes (Samnites,
Latins, etc.), Greeks
from the colonies to
Italian territory
Apennine
peninsula
(Italy)
Rome joins the fight for
dominance in
Mediterranean
III – II centuries. BC
Carthage,
Macedonia, Greece,
Syria
north Africa,
Spain, Greece,
Macedonia, Malaya
Asia, southern Gaul
Rome became the largest
power
Mediterranean
I century BC
Celts of Gaul,
Pontic and
Egyptian kingdom,
Germans
Gaul, Egypt,
Syria, Thrace,
banks of the Rhine
The influence of Rome spread to all developed
regions of Europe and Middle
East
I – II centuries. AD
Parthians, Dacians,
celts of britain,
Germans, etc.
"barbarians"
lands south of
Danube, Judea,
Dacia, Britannia,
Armenia
Rome went on the defensive
its borders along the Rhine,
Danube and Euphrates. Empire
"I've eaten too much" Roman
states
often
were at enmity.
Every
free
the citizen was a soldier
and studied from childhood
military
art.
Army
consisted
from
hoplite infantry,
led by
strategists
(commanders).
Troops
entered the battlefield
dense
in parts
phalanges.
ARMY ORGANIZATION
During the early republic, anyRoman aged 17 to 46
years owning property,
could be drafted into the army.
The service life was 20-25 years.
Entering the service as a recruit
swore an oath of allegiance.
Every day the warriors trained
in swimming, running, jumping, throwing
javelin and fencing.
Three times a month the army carried out
forced marches of 30 km. The warriors walked
at a fast pace at a speed of 6-8
km/hour
Legionnaires learned to build and
dismantle a military camp.
Guilty
subjected
corporal punishment.
Legion
for
disobedience
reduced diet.
Decimation - execution by lot
every 10th warrior.
ARMY ORGANIZATION
Rich citizens couldacquire
horses,
And
that's why they served in
cavalry.
The Romans fought more victoriously
V
on foot
I'm building
united in squads and
armed
swords,
spears,
with daggers
And
shields.
The poorest
citizens
fought at the very beginning and
end of the battle. Their weapons are
stones and agricultural implements.
The structure of the Roman army of the V-II centuries BC.
ConsulARMY
Legate
LEGION
Chief of Cavalry
HORSE TOURS
Legate
LEGION
military tribune
SIEGE AND THROWING MACHINES
military tribune
Sappers and convoy
centurions
PRINCIPLES
first centurions
GASTATE MANIPLES
first
MANIPLES
centurions
CENTURIES OF GASTATES
centurions
CENTURIES OF PRINCIPLES
decurions
Jumping
decurions
Jumping
first centurions
TRIARIAN MANIPULAS
centurions
CENTURIES OF TRIARIES
Weapons and equipment
Helmet, shield and sword(gladius)
Roman warrior
Roman warrior figure
Hiking equipment:
pick,
shovel,
bowler,
rolled up
tent, bag with dry
rations, flask
ARMAMENT OF THE ROMANS
SEVEROITAL.HELMET
SHIELD
KLEPIUS
DAGGERS
ETRUSCAN
HELMET
ARMOR
MOUNTAIN
ITALIANS
SHEAR
SWORDS
SPEARS
BOOTS
CALCEI
The Roman infantry was divided into several units. The basis of the army was the legion, usually consisting of five thousand soldiers. The legion was divided into 10 cohorts,
Roman legionThe Roman infantry was divided into several units. The basis of the army was
a legion usually consisting of five thousand soldiers. Legion divided by 10
cohorts, approximately 500 people each, and the cohort consisted of six
centuries. In the century there were from 80 to 100 legionnaires, who
The centurion commanded.
Armament
Roman
legionnaire
consisted
from
melee weapons pugio (dagger) and gladius
(short sword). One
time
legionnaires
armed with spears, but
later this weapon was
replaced
on
pilum
(dart).
Abandoned
with a skillful hand, pilum could
break through a strong shield. In
time of siege legionnaires
used ballistae and
catapults
siege
cars,
With
with help
who threw stones,
arrows, logs, etc.
Roman military camp
Roman legionaries builtcamps
By
standard
plan
V
form
quadrangle.
Camp
consisted of a headquarters
stables
And
barracks,
V
which
for
each
century
was consolidated
a certain place. Camp
was
fenced
high
wall
with
sentinels
towers
And
strong
gate.
U
legionnaires
were
hiking
camps,
which
Can
was
put at a halt, and
then quickly assemble.
Army on the march
Usually during a campaign the army was on the way along 7hours a day, walking up to 30 km. The soldiers were forced
carry all your property and weapons on yourself.
Scouts walked ahead, obliged to examine
terrain, collect information about the enemy, choose a place
for the camp. Then came the vanguard (vanguard),
consisting of cavalry and light infantry; they followed him
the main forces of the army. They walked in one column, behind each
legion
followed
belonged to
to him
convoy,
And
lightly armed troops formed the rearguard.
If the enemy was close, the main forces of the army
moved in battle formation, with the entire convoy following
behind and part of the army served as cover (rearguard).
During the retreat, the convoy was sent forward with a detachment
troops, and the rest followed them.
Tactics. The Art of the Commander
To the managementarmy
on
field
battle
Romans
paid a lot of attention
important
meaning. Not
accidentally
talented
military leaders
(Sulla, Caesar, Vespasian, Trajan, etc.)
sought supreme power in Rome, becoming
dictators and emperors.
Legion in battle
During the Republic, the legionbuilt for battle in three
lines
By
maniple.
Each maniple was built
V
form
square,
With
equal
at intervals
between line neighbors.
In front of the legion were archers, slingers, and javelin throwers. IN
the first line of formation was the hastati, the second - the principles, the third -
triarii. The cavalry was located on the flanks. Legion quickly
approached the enemy, showering him with spears. The outcome of the battle was usually decided
melee.
From the 1st century BC the legion began to be built in larger cohorts,
formed into three lines in a checkerboard pattern.
Assault and siege of fortresses
Attack (assault)Legion Ballista
Ram
Siege tower
Fortress
took:
with a sudden attack
out of the way, tried to
break down shields
gates.
In case of impossibility
attack began the siege
fortified
item:
surrounding him on all sides
army. If this is the place
was too fortified and in
abundance
supplied
provisions, then they took it
attack
With
with help
siege
structures
And
battering machines.
Roman fleet
Roman warship (bireme) from the end of the 2nd century. BC)Battle tower
"Raven" (boarding
bridge)
Ram
Steering oar
Roman ships
To make your own shipsfaster, Romans
used both sail and
oars. On some ships
there were several rowing
rows. In order to
the ship was sailing at maximum
speed,
rowers
positioned so that they
could row at the same time.
Ship with two rows
the oar was called birema, with
three - trireme. QUINQUEREMA (PENTERA) - warship
Carthaginians and Romans
During the first Punic War, the need arose
fast
construction of a navy. The Romans found
a warship abandoned by the Carthaginians and in 60 days
built 100 exact copies of it. Soon their fleet numbered
already over 200 vessels.
Battle tactics
Crew – 300 rowers; there were 120 warriors on deck;Ship speed – 19 km/h;
Throw bridge - the corvus (raven) was thrown onto the enemy's
ship;
Some ships had underwater rams;
FILM FRAGMENT
CaesarGuy
Julius
Caesar
was
outstanding state
and politician
commander and writer.
Compelled
at
Sulle
go to Asia Minor, he
returned to Rome after death
this emperor in 78 BC.
e. and immediately got involved
political struggle.
After
graduation
deadline
Caesar achieved consulate
appointments
on
job title
governor of Cisalpine,
and then Narbonne Gaul.
During the Gallic campaigns of 5851. BC e. he conquered everything
transalpine
Gaul
from
Belgians to Aquitaine. Caesar introduced changes in the organization of the Roman army and in the methods
conducting military operations.
Each legion included siege engines: light
ballistas, as well as onagers and catapults that threw heavy stones.
Light auxiliary archery troops began to play an important role
and slingers
The cavalry of Roman citizens was replaced by mercenaries: Germans,
Spaniards, Numidians.
Caesar's troops moved very quickly, and this greatly
largely determined their success.
In battles, Caesar preferred to attack the enemy first. His
the legions walked towards the enemy at an even pace, which then turned into a run.
First they used spears, and then
swords, the warriors tried
push back the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. Completed the defeat of the enemy
cavalry.
Caesar's army took fortified points by siege or assault. At
During the siege, field fortifications were erected around the enemy fortress:
ramparts, ditches, wolf pits, redoubts, etc. Siege weapons were widely used
towers, and excavations were made under the wall.
Caesar was considered a great commander by A. Suvorov and Napoleon. His
military art was studied in military academies until the 19th century
Dictionary
Legion is a large unit of the Roman army (from 4.5 to7 thousand people). Legionnaire - a warrior of the legion.
Centuria - a detachment of one hundred (from the 1st century BC - 80) legionnaires
Centurion - junior officer of the Roman army, commander
centuries or maniples
Maniple - a detachment that includes 2-3 centuries. Until the 1st century.
BC The Roman army was built in 3 rows along maniples
Cohort - from the 1st century. BC main unit of the legion from
6 (less often 10) centuries. Commanded the cohort by a military tribune
Ballista - a throwing weapon in the form of a large
horizontal bow, reinforced with a pair of vertical
twisted strands. Throwing arrows, stones, metal
balls. Used on ships and during the siege of fortresses.
Dictionary
Hastati (spearmen) - young warriors who fought inthe first line of formation of the legion. They started the battle by throwing
spear the enemy from a long distance and then attacked
with swords in hands.
Principles - experienced warriors of the second line of formation
legion. They entered the battle at the most decisive moment,
deciding its outcome.
Triarii - warriors of the third line of formation
legion,
veterans. They entered into battle only in the most extreme cases.
Concubernius - a group of warriors (8-10 people) living in
one tent and cooking food together during
rest in the camp. It was headed by a foreman (decurion).
Legate - assistant consul, commander of the legion.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius
Encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers"
Encyclopedia “What, how and when it happened”
Great children's encyclopedia
http://ancientrome.ru/
