A very short biography (in a nutshell)

Born on November 9, 1818 in Orel. Father - Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), military man. Mother - Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850), noblewoman. In 1836 he graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. From 1836 to 1839 he lived and studied in Germany. In 1852 he was exiled to his village for two years. In 1863 he moved to Germany. In 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Was not married. Had an illegitimate daughter. He was fond of hunting. Died on September 3, 1883 at the age of 64 in Paris. He was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg. Main works: “Fathers and Sons”, “Mumu”, “ Noble nest", "Rudin", "Asya", "On the Eve" and others.

Brief biography (details)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian realist writer of the 19th century, poet, translator and corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Orel into a noble family. The writer's father was a retired officer, and his mother was a hereditary noblewoman. Turgenev spent his childhood on a family estate, where he had personal teachers, tutors, and serf nannies. In 1827, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow in order to give their children a decent education. There he studied at a boarding school, then studied with private teachers. Since childhood, the writer spoke several foreign languages, including English, French and German.

In 1833, Ivan entered Moscow University, and a year later he transferred to St. Petersburg to the literature department. In 1838 he went to Berlin to lecture in classical philology. There he met Bakunin and Stankevich, meetings with whom were of great importance for the writer. During the two years he spent abroad, he managed to visit France, Italy, Germany and Holland. The return to their homeland took place in 1841. At the same time, he begins to actively attend literary circles, where he meets Gogol, Herzen, Aksakov, etc.

In 1843, Turgenev entered service in the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs. In the same year he met Belinsky, who had a significant influence on the formation of literary and social views young writer. In 1846, Turgenev wrote several works: “Briter”, “Three Portraits”, “Freeloader”, “Provincial Woman”, etc. In 1852 one of the best stories writer - "Mumu". The story was written while serving exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo. In 1852, “Notes of a Hunter” appeared, and after the death of Nicholas I, 4 of Turgenev’s largest works were published: “On the Eve”, “Rudin”, “Fathers and Sons”, “The Noble Nest”.

Turgenev gravitated towards the circle of Westernized writers. In 1863, together with the Viardot family, he left for Baden-Baden, where he actively participated in cultural life and made acquaintances with the best writers of Western Europe. Among them were Dickens, George Sand, Prosper Merimee, Thackeray, Victor Hugo and many others. Soon he became the editor of foreign translators of Russian writers. In 1878 he was appointed vice-president of the international congress of literature held in Paris. The following year, Turgenev was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Living abroad, his soul was still drawn to his homeland, which was reflected in the novel “Smoke” (1867). The largest in volume was his novel “New” (1877). I. S. Turgenev died near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883. The writer was buried according to his will in St. Petersburg.

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, tales and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (née Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.

Turgenev's parents

His father served in the Elisavetgrad cavalry regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolaevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich’s mother was not as well-born as his father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had a subtle soul and was handsome. The mother's character was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Varvara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who experienced humiliation and oppression, tried to take advantage of the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was distinguished by her willpower. She loved her children despotically, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for minor offenses.

Case in Bern

In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence that surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergei Nikolaevich grabbed his son by the leg at the last moment.

Introduction to fine literature

The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother’s estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one of the servants from his mother’s serfs read the poem “Rossiada” by Kheraskov to the boy in the old manner, in a chanting and measured manner. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev, in his 1874 story “Punin and Baburin,” endowed one of the heroes of the work with a love for the Rossiade.

First love

The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the late 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at the Engel dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed captivating and beautiful to Turgenev. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to admit the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end to joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally learned that Catherine was his father’s beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will give his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story “First Love.” In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.

Studying at universities in Moscow and St. Petersburg, death of father

The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. In September 1834, Turgenev entered Moscow University, the Faculty of Literature. However, he was not happy with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most teachers and courses left student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This especially applies to Pobedonostsev, who talked tediously and for a long time about literature and could not advance in his passions further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: “It is full of fools.”

Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service was his brother Nikolai. Ivan Turgenev continued to study at His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan’s arms. By this time he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayal and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, presented herself as a victim of his heartlessness and irresponsibility.

Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of existence. Turgenev at this time was attracted by powerful passions, bright characters, tossing and struggling of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, and the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote his dramatic poem called “The Wall” in imitation of Byron (the author of “Manfred”). More than 30 years later, he will say that this is “a completely ridiculous work.”

Writing poetry, republican ideas

Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. seriously ill. He had weakness in his body and could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed greatly spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which had attracted him before, and began to become more and more interested in elegant literature. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested in republican ideas. Existed in the country serfdom he felt it was a shame and the greatest injustice. Turgenev had a stronger sense of guilt towards all the peasants, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he vowed to himself to do everything to ensure that there would be no class of “slaves” in Russia.

Meeting Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems

Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, a professor of Russian literature. This is a literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel “Eugene Onegin” is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, at a literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich encountered Pushkin himself.

In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (first and fourth issues): “To the Venus of Medicine” and “Evening.” Ivan Sergeevich published poems after that. The first samples of the pen that were printed did not bring him fame.

Continuing your studies in Germany

In 1837, Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (literature department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And so in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.

Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. He held conversations on historical and philosophical topics with T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a convinced Westerner. Russia, in his opinion, should follow the example of Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, and ignorance.

Civil service

Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department to which he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich was enlisted in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in June 1843. At that time, the issue of liberating the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to feel burdened by the need to follow all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was never again in public service.

Turgenev becomes famous

Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a socialite in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.

In 1843, in April, the poem “Parasha” by I. S. Turgenev was published. Its plot is touching love the daughter of a landowner to a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of Eugene Onegin. However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev’s poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it is just ordinary well-being.

The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and famous critic of that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following "Parasha" Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - "Conversation", in 1845 - "Andrey" and "Landowner". Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created short stories and tales (in 1844 - “Andrei Kolosov”, in 1846 - “Three Portraits” and “Breter”, in 1847 - “Petushkov”). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy "Lack of Money" in 1846, and the drama "Carelessness" in 1843. He followed the principles of the “natural school” of writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, and Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this movement depicted “non-poetic” objects: daily life people, everyday life, and primary attention was paid to the influence of circumstances and environment on the fate and character of a person.

"Notes of a Hunter"

In 1847, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the essay “Khor and Kalinich,” created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. The two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own complex inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book “Notes of a Hunter” in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, different from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of landowners and peasants in Russia. His book was assessed as a protest against serfdom. Society received her with enthusiasm.

Relationship with Pauline Viardot, death of mother

In 1843, a young opera singer from France, Pauline Viardot, arrived on tour. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for his entire life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married) and accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was now divided between France and Russia. Ivan Turgenev's love has stood the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich waited two years for his first kiss. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.

Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Their death reconciled: Turgenev’s mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was informed of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.

Arrest and exile

In 1852, N.V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to and also to recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, without being allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he given the right to go abroad.

New works

During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became increasingly popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "The Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote “Mumu,” one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "The Diary of an Extra Man", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Quiet" , in 1856 - “Yakov Pasynkova”. Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and relevance of issues.

"Rudin"

The fame acquired by Ivan Sergeevich by the mid-1850s was strengthened by the novel "Rudin". The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev, in his first novel, attempted to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker modern man. Main character- “an extra person”, who is depicted as both weak and attractive at the same time. The writer, creating him, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.

"The Noble Nest" and new novels

In 1858, Turgenev’s second novel, “The Noble Nest,” appeared. Its themes are the history of an old noble family; the love of a nobleman, hopeless due to circumstances. Poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, careful depiction of the characters’ experiences, spiritualization of nature - these are distinctive features Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in "The Noble Nest". They are also characteristic of some stories, such as “Faust” of 1856, “A Trip to Polesie” (years of creation - 1853-1857), “Asya” and “First Love” (both works written in 1860). "The Nobles' Nest" was received kindly. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, a completely different fate awaited Turgenev's next novel.

"The day before"

In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel “On the Eve”. Summary its next. In the center of the work is Elena Stakhova. This heroine is brave, determined, devoted loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who devoted his life to liberating his homeland from the power of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who became his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we described its brief content only in general terms.

This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich became furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev’s personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.

"Fathers and Sons"

In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote “Fathers and Sons,” his new novel. It was published in the Russian Bulletin in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.

"Enough"

In 1862-1864. a miniature story “Enough” was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values ​​of life, including art and love, so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.

"Smoke"

Written in 1865-1867. The novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate the picture of modern Russian society and the ideological sentiments that prevailed in it.

"Nove"

Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. It was published in 1877. Turgenev presented in it the populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.

The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev

Since the mid-1860s, Turgenev lived almost constantly abroad, visiting his homeland only on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian War, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.

In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. The last months of his life were difficult, and his death was also difficult. The life of Ivan Turgenev was cut short on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, near Belinsky’s grave.

Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, novellas and novels are included in school curriculum and known to many, is one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian writer, poet, publicist and translator. He created his own artistic system, which influenced the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century.

Brief biography of Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on November 9, 1818 in Orel. He was brought up in an old noble family and was the second son of his parents.

His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, served in the army and retired with the rank of colonel of a cuirassier regiment. Mother, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family.

It is worth noting that this marriage was not happy, since Turgenev’s father married for convenience, and not for love.

Childhood and youth

When Ivan was 12 years old, his father decided to leave the family, leaving his wife and three children. By that time, the youngest son Seryozha had died of epilepsy.

Ivan Turgenev in his youth, 1838

As a result, the upbringing of both boys, Nikolai and Ivan, fell on the shoulders of the mother. By nature, she was an overly strict woman with a bad character.

This is largely due to the fact that she was abused as a child, both by her mother and her stepfather, who often beat her. As a result, the girl had to run away from home to her uncle.

Soon Turgenev's mother married for the second time. Despite the fact that she was strict with her sons, she managed to instill in them good qualities and manners.

She was a literate woman and spoke with all family members exclusively in French.

She also maintained friendly relations with writers and Mikhail Zagoskin. It is not surprising that she wanted to give her sons a good education.

Both boys were taught by some of the best teachers in Europe, on whom she spared no expense.

Turgenev's education

During the winter holidays, he went to Italy, which charmed the future writer with its beauty and unique architecture.

Returning to Russia in 1841, Ivan Sergeevich successfully passed the exams and received a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University.

After 2 years, he was entrusted with a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which could completely change his biography.

However, interest in writing took precedence over the benefits of an official position.

Creative biography of Turgenev

When a famous critic read it (see), he appreciated the talent of the aspiring writer and even wanted to meet him. As a result, they became good friends.

Later, Ivan Sergeevich had the honor of meeting Nikolai Nekrasov (see), with whom he also developed a good relationship.

Turgenev's next works were “Andrei Kolosov”, “Three Portraits” and “Breter”.

He claimed that his name was not worthy of mention in society, and also called him a “lackey writer.” Musin-Pushkin immediately wrote a report to Tsar Nicholas 1, describing the incident in detail.

Due to his frequent trips abroad, Turgenev was under suspicion, since there he communicated with the disgraced Belinsky and. And now, because of the obituary, his situation has worsened even more.

It was then that problems began in Turgenev’s biography. He was detained and imprisoned for a month, after which he was under house arrest for another 3 years without the right to travel abroad.

Works of Turgenev

At the end of his imprisonment, he published the book “Notes of a Hunter,” which contained such stories as “Bezhin Meadow,” “Biryuk,” and “Singers.” Censorship saw serfdom in the works, but this did not lead to any serious consequences.

Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. Once, after spending some time in the village, he composed the famous story “Mumu”, which gained wide popularity in society.

There, from his pen, such novels as “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve” and “Fathers and Sons” came out. The last work caused a real sensation in society, since Ivan Sergeevich was able to masterfully convey the problem of relationships between fathers and children.

At the end of the 50s, he visited several European countries, where he continued his writing activity. In 1857, he wrote the famous story “Asya,” which was subsequently translated into many languages.

According to some biographers, the prototype main character became his illegitimate daughter Pauline Brewer.

Turgenev's lifestyle drew criticism from many of his colleagues. They condemned him for spending most of his time abroad, while considering himself a patriot of Russia.

Employees of the Sovremennik magazine. Top row L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, . Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856

For example, he was in serious confrontation with, and. Despite this, Ivan Sergeevich’s talent as a novelist was recognized by many famous writers.

Among them were the Goncourt brothers, Emile Zola and Gustave Flaubert, who later became his close friend.

In 1879, 61-year-old Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg. He was very warmly received by the younger generation, although the authorities still viewed him with suspicion.

That same year, the novelist went to Britain, where he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

When Ivan Sergeevich learned that the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin would take place in Moscow, he also attended this solemn event.

Personal life

The only love in Turgenev’s biography was the singer Polina Viardot. The girl did not have beauty, but rather, on the contrary, disgusted many men.

She was stooped and had rough features. Her mouth was disproportionately large, and her eyes were protruding from their sockets. Heinrich Heine even compared it to a landscape that was “at once monstrous and exotic.”

Turgenev and Viardot

But when Viardot began to sing, she immediately captivated the audience. It was in this image that Turgenev saw Polina and immediately fell in love with her. All the girls with whom he had close relationships before meeting the singer immediately ceased to interest him.

However, there was a problem - the writer’s beloved was married. Nevertheless, Turgenev did not deviate from his goal and did everything possible to see Viardot more often.

As a result, he managed to settle in the house in which Polina and her husband Louis lived. The singer’s husband turned a blind eye to the relationship between the “guest” and his wife.

A number of biographers believe that the reason for this was the considerable sums that the Russian master left in his mistress’s house. Also, some researchers believe that the real father of Paul, the child of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother was against her son's relationship with Viardot. She hoped that Ivan would leave her and finally find a suitable mate.

It is interesting that in his youth Turgenev had a fleeting affair with a seamstress Avdotya. As a result of their relationship, a daughter, Pelageya, was born, whom he recognized only 15 years later.

Varvara Petrovna (Turgenev's mother) treated her granddaughter very coldly because of her peasant origin. But Ivan Sergeevich himself loved the girl very much, and even agreed to take her into his house, after life together with Viardot.

The love idyll with Polina did not last long. This was largely explained by Turgenev’s three-year house arrest, because of which the lovers could not see each other.

After breaking up, the writer began dating young Olga, who was 18 years younger than him. However, Viardot still did not leave his heart.

Not wanting to ruin the young girl’s life, he confessed to her that he still loved only Polina.

Portrait of Turgenev performed

Ivan Sergeevich’s next hobby was the 30-year-old actress Maria Savina. At that time, Turgenev was 61 years old.

When the couple went to, Savina saw the writer in the house large number Viardot's things and guessed that she would never be able to achieve the same love for herself.

As a result, they never got married, although they maintained friendly relations until the writer’s death.

Death

In 1882 Turgenev became seriously ill. After examination, doctors diagnosed him with spinal bone cancer. The disease was very difficult and was accompanied by constant pain.

In 1883, he underwent surgery in Paris, but it did not produce any results. The only joy for him was that in the last days of his life, his beloved woman, Viardot, was next to him.

After his death, she inherited all of Turgenev's property.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died on August 22, 1883 at the age of 64. His body was transported from Paris to St. Petersburg, where it was buried in the Volkov cemetery.

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Born in the city of Orel on November 9 (October 28, old style) 1818 into a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before Lutovinov’s marriage) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family. Until the age of 9 Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827 Turgenevs, in order to give their children an education, they settled in Moscow, in a house bought on Samotyok. After the parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first he studied at the Weidenhammer boarding school, then at the boarding school of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute, Krause. In 1833, a 15-year-old Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. Where they studied at that time Herzen and Belinsky. A year later, after Ivan's older brother joined the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev At the same time he moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend. In 1834 he wrote the dramatic poem “The Wall” and several lyrical poems. The young author showed these samples of writing to his teacher, professor Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that the author “has something.” By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting took place with A.S. Pushkin. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after his death Pushkin published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, with the signature “- - -въ” the poem was printed Turgenev“Evening”, which is the author’s debut. In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the course with the degree of a valid student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the following year he again took the final exam, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 he went to Germany. During the trip, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Fearing for his life Turgenev asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he managed to fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man plaintively exclaimed: “To die so young!”, while pushing women and children away from the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far away. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice permeated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev in the short story "Fire at Sea". Having settled in Berlin, Ivan took up his studies. While listening to lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature at the university, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left for Germany, Italy, and Austria. Impressed by meeting a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later the story “Spring Waters” was written. In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was married off, her daughter was left in an ambiguous position. At the beginning of 1842 Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for the degree of Master of Philosophy. At the same time, he began his literary activity. The largest published work of this time was the poem “Parasha,” written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took the copy to V. G. Belinsky at Lopatin’s house, leaving the manuscript with the critic’s servant. Belinsky praised Parasha, publishing a positive review in Otechestvennye zapiski two months later. From that moment their acquaintance began, which over time grew into a strong friendship. In the autumn of 1843 Turgenev I first saw Polina Viardot on the stage of the opera house when the great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Polina’s husband, the director of the Italian Theater in Paris, famous critic and art critic Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843 he was introduced to Polina herself. Among the mass of fans, she didn’t particularly stand out Turgenev, better known as an avid hunter rather than a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev Together with the Viardot family, he left for Paris against his mother’s will, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot’s tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. In 1846 participates in the update of Sovremennik. Nekrasov- his best friend. With Belinsky he travels abroad in 1847 and in 1848 lives in Paris, where he witnesses revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen and falls in love with Ogarev's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of the “Notes of a Hunter” were created by the writer in Germany. Without having an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot raised an illegitimate daughter Turgenev. Several meetings with Gogol And Fet In 1846, the stories “Breter” and “Three Portraits” were published. Later he wrote such works as “The Freeloader” (1848), “The Bachelor” (1849), “Provincial Woman”, “A Month in the Village”, “Quiet” (1854), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Breakfast at the Leader’s "(1856), etc. He wrote "Mumu" in 1852, while in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo due to an obituary for his death Gogol, which, despite the ban, was published in Moscow. In 1852, a collection of short stories was published Turgenev under the general title “Notes of a Hunter,” which was published in Paris in 1854. After the death of Nicholas I, four major works of the writer were published one after another: “Rudin” (1856), “The Noble Nest” (1859), “On the Eve” (1860) and “Fathers and Sons” (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in the “Russian Bulletin” by M. N. Katkov. In 1860, the Sovremennik published an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?”, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized . Turgenev put Nekrasov ultimatum: or he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubova, which later became one of the prototypes for the image of Bazarov in the novel “Fathers and Sons”. After that Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.Turgenev gravitates towards the circle of Westernized writers who profess the principles of “pure art”, opposing the tendentious creativity of the common revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time Leo Tolstoy, who lived in the apartment for some time, also joined this circle Turgenev. After marriage Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev found in Tolstoy a close relative, however, even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet on the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, which almost ended in a duel and spoiled the relationship between the writers for many 17 years. From the early 1860s Turgenev settles in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participates in the cultural life of Western Europe, making acquaintances with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and introducing Russian readers to the best works contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gautier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of the five began in the Parisian restaurants of Riche or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor for foreign translators of Russian writers; he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works of famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German languages. This is how translations of Flaubert’s works “Herodias” and “The Tale of St. Julian the Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For a while Turgenev becomes the most famous and most read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he was an honorary doctor of Oxford University. Despite living abroad, all thoughts Turgenev were still connected with Russia. He writes the novel “Smoke” (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone criticized the novel: “both red and white, and above, and below, and from the side - especially from the side.” The fruit of his intense thoughts in the 1870s was the largest in volume of Turgenev’s novels, Nov (1877). Turgenev was friends with the Milyutin brothers (fellow Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of War), A.V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M.H. Reitern (Minister of Finance). At the end of his life Turgenev decides to reconcile with Leo Tolstoy, he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including creativity Tolstoy, to the Western reader. In 1880, the writer took part in Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body was, according to his wishes, brought to St. Petersburg and buried in the Volkov cemetery in front of a large crowd of people.

Works

1855 - "Rudin" - novel
1858 - “The Noble Nest” - novel
1860 - "On the Eve" - ​​novel
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" - novel
1867 - "Smoke" - novel
1877 - "Nov" - novel
1844 - “Andrei Kolosov” - story/short story
1845 - “Three Portraits” - story/short story
1846 - "The Jew" - story/short story
1847 - "Breter" - story/short story
1848 - “Petushkov” - story/short story
1849 - “The Diary of an Extra Man” - story/short story
1852 - "Mumu" - story/short story
1852 - “The Inn” - story/short story
1852 - “Notes of a Hunter” - collection of stories
1851 - “Bezhin Meadow” - story
1847 - "Biryuk" - story
1847 - "The Burmister" - story
1848 - "Hamlet of Shchigrovsky district" - story
1847 - “Two Landowners” - story
1847 - “Yermolai and the miller’s wife” - story
1874 - "Living Relics" - story
1851 - “Kasyan with a Beautiful Sword” - story
1871-72 - "The End of Tchertopkhanov" - story
1847 - "The Office" - story
1847 - "Swan" - story
1848 - "Forest and Steppe" - story
1847 - "Lgov" - story
1847 - “Raspberry Water” - story
1847 - “My neighbor Radilov” - story
1847 - "Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets" - story
1850 - "The Singers" - story
1864 - "Peter Petrovich Karataev" - story
1850 - "Date" - story
1847 - "Death" - story
1873-74 - "Knocks!" - story
1847 - “Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew” - story
1847 - "District Doctor" - story
1846-47-"Khor and Kalinich" - story
1848 - "Tchertophanov and Nedopyuskin" - story
1855 - “Yakov Pasynkov” - story/short story
1855 - "Faust" - story/short story
1856 - "Quiet" - story/short story
1857 - “Trip to Polesie” - story/short story
1858 - "Asya" - story/short story
1860 - “First Love” - story/short story
1864 - “Ghosts” - story/short story
1866 - "Brigadier" - story/short story
1868 - “Unfortunate” - story/short story
1870 - “Strange Story” - story/short story
1870 - “King of the Steppes Lear” - story/short story
1870 - "Dog" - story/short story
1871 - “Knock... knock... knock!..” - story/short story
1872 - “Spring Waters” - story
1874 - “Punin and Baburin” - story/short story
1876 ​​- “The Clock” - story/short story
1877 - “Dream” - story/short story
1877 - “The Story of Father Alexei” - story/short story
1881 - “Song of Triumphant Love” - story/short story
1881 - “The Master’s Own Office” - story/short story
1883 - “After Death (Klara Milich)” - story/short story
1878 - “In Memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya” - prose poem
1882 - How beautiful, how fresh the roses were... - prose poem
1848 - “Where it’s thin, that’s where it breaks” - play
1848 - "Freeloader" - play
1849 - "Breakfast at the Leader" - play
1849 - "The Bachelor" - play
1850 - "A Month in the Country" - play
1851 - "Provincial Girl" - play
1854 - “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” - article
1860 - “Hamlet and Don Quixote” - article
1864 - “Speech about Shakespeare” - article

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian and world literature. His works excited society, raised new themes, and introduced new heroes of the time. Turgenev became an ideal for a whole generation of aspiring writers of the 60s of the 19th century. In his works, the Russian language began to sound with renewed vigor; he continued the traditions of Pushkin and Gogol, raising Russian prose to unprecedented heights.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is revered in Russia, a museum dedicated to the life of the writer has been created in his hometown of Orel, and the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate has become a famous place of pilgrimage for connoisseurs of Russian literature and culture.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in Orel in 1818. The Turgenev family was wealthy and well-born, but little Nikolai did not see real happiness. His parent, the owner of a large fortune and vast lands in the Oryol province, was capricious and cruel to the serfs. The paintings taken by Turgenev as a child left a mark on the writer’s soul and made him an ardent fighter against Russian slavery. The mother became the prototype for the image of the elderly lady in the famous story “Mumu”.

My father was in military service, had a good upbringing and refined manners. He was well-born, but quite poor. Perhaps this fact forced him to connect his life with Turgenev’s mother. Soon the parents separated.

The family had two children, boys. The brothers received a good education. Life on Spassky-Lutovinovo, his mother’s estate, had a great influence on Ivan Turgenev. Here he became acquainted with folk culture and communicated with serfs.

Education

Moscow University - the young Turgenev entered here in 1934. But after the first year, the future writer became disillusioned with the learning process and the teachers. He transferred to St. Petersburg University, but even there he did not find a high enough level of teaching. So he went abroad to Germany. The German university attracted him to its philosophy program, which included Hegel's theories.

Turgenev became one of the most educated people of his time. The first attempts at writing date back to this period. He acted as a poet. But the first poems were imitative and did not attract public attention.

After graduating from university, Turgenev came to Russia. He entered the Department of Internal Affairs in 1843, hoping that he could contribute to the speedy abolition of serfdom. But he was soon disappointed - the civil service did not welcome the initiative, and blind execution of orders did not appeal to him..

Turgenev’s social circle abroad included the founder of the Russian revolutionary idea, M.A. Bakunin, and also representatives of advanced Russian thought N.V. Stankevich and T.N. Granovsky.

Creation

The forties of the nineteenth century forced others to pay attention to Turgenev. The main direction at this stage: naturalism, the author carefully, with maximum accuracy, describes the character through details, way of life, life. He believed that social status was brought up

The largest works of this period:

1. "Parasha".
2. "Andrey and the landowner."
3. "Three Portraits".
4. "Carelessness."

Turgenev became close to the Sovremennik magazine. His first prose experiments received a positive assessment from Belinsky, the main literary critic of the 19th century. This became a ticket to the world of literature.

Since 1847, Turgenev began the creation of one of the most striking works of literature - “Notes of a Hunter”. The first story in this cycle was “Khor and Kalinich”. Turgenev became the first writer who changed the attitude towards the enslaved peasant. Talent, individuality, spiritual height - these qualities made the Russian people beautiful in the eyes of the author. At the same time, the heavy burden of slavery destroys the best forces. The book “Notes of a Hunter” received a negative assessment from the government. At that time, the attitude of the authorities towards Turgenev was wary.

Eternal love

The main story of Turgenev's life is his love for Pauline Viardot. The French opera singer won his heart. But being married, she could make him happy. Turgenev followed her family and lived nearby. He spent most of his life abroad. Homesickness accompanied him until last days, was clearly expressed in the cycle of “Prose Poems.”

Civil position

Turgenev was one of the first to raise modern problems in his work. He analyzed the image of the leading man of his time and highlighted the most important issues that troubled society. Each of his novels became an event and the subject of furious discussion:

1. "Fathers and Sons".
2. "Nove."
3. "Fog".
4. "The day before."
5. "Rudin."

Turgenev did not become an adherent of revolutionary ideology; he was critical of new trends in society. He considered it a mistake to want to destroy everything old in order to build a new world. Eternal ideals were dear to him. As a result, his relationship with Sovremennik broke down.

One of the important facets of a writer’s talent is lyricism. His works are characterized by a detailed depiction of the feelings and psychology of the characters. Descriptions of nature are filled with love and understanding of the dim beauty of central Russia.

Every year Turgenev came to Russia, his main route was St. Petersburg - Moscow - Spasskoye. Last year life became painful for Turgenev. A serious illness, spinal sarcoma, brought him terrible suffering for a long time and became an obstacle to visiting his homeland. The writer died in 1883.

Already during his lifetime he was recognized best writer Russia, his works were republished in different countries. In 2018, the country will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the wonderful Russian writer.