- The first stage is from September 1, 1939 to June 21, 1941. The period of the European blitzkrieg of Germany and the allies.
- The second stage is from June 22, 1941 to approximately mid-November 1942. The attack on the USSR and the subsequent failure of the Barbarossa plan.
- The third stage - from the second half of November 1942 to the end of 1943. A radical turning point in the war and Germany’s loss of strategic initiative.
- The fourth stage - from the end of 1943 to May 9, 1945. It was marked by the capture of Berlin and the unconditional surrender of Germany.
- The fifth stage is from May 10, 1945 to September 2, 1945. At this time, fighting takes place only in Southeast Asia and the Far East.
- On October 10, G.K. was appointed commander of the Western Front. Zhukov
- On October 19, a state of siege was introduced in the capital
- On December 5-6, the counter-offensive of the Red Army began, as a result of which the enemy was thrown back 100-250 km from Moscow
-
Slide 7
January 1941 – May 1943 -Military actions in North Africa
- In January 1941, Italy turned to Germany for help, and the German Afrika Korps under the command of General Rommel was transferred to North Africa
- In January 1942, Rommel's troops defeated the British
- By the autumn of 1942, British troops received significant reinforcements. On October 23, the British army went on the offensive
- On May 13, 1943, a group of Italian-German troops surrendered
-
Slide 8
1941 – 1945 - Arctic convoys
Lend-Lease is a system for the United States to loan or lease military equipment, weapons, ammunition, equipment, strategic raw materials, food, and various goods to countries allied in the anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War of 1939-1945.
October 28, 1941 F. Roosevelt signed a bill extending the Lend-Lease law to the Soviet Union. And even earlier, on October 1, the First Protocol on supplying the USSR until the end of 1942 was signed.
The material assistance provided under the First Protocol was able to compensate for 40% of the Red Army's losses in aircraft, 30% in tanks.
Arctic convoys passed from Great Britain and the USA to the northern ports of the USSR - Arkhangelsk and Murmansk
From August 1941 to May 1945, 78 convoys were conducted
Slide 9
November 1942– February 1943 - Battle of Stalingrad
- November 19, 1942 The Red Army launched an offensive
- On November 23, Soviet troops closed the ring, surrounding 22 divisions numbering 330 thousand soldiers
- Hitler ordered the commander-in-chief of the 6th Army, Paulus, to begin defensive battles surrounded
- On February 2, 1943, the remnants of the 6th Army in Stalingrad surrendered
- Over 200 days of fighting, the enemy lost more than 1.5 million people killed and wounded
-
Slide 10
Guerrilla movement
During the war, more than 1 million partisans and an army of thousands of underground fighters operated behind enemy lines
6,200 partisan detachments and underground groups operated in enemy-occupied territory
Soviet partisans and underground fighters destroyed, wounded and captured about 1 million fascists and their accomplices, disabled over 4,000 tanks and armored vehicles, destroyed and damaged 1,600 railways. bridges, carried out over 20 thousand railway accidents. echelons
Slide 11
July–August 1943 - Battle of Kursk
In Germany, Operation Citadel was developed to break through and encircle the Red Army in the Kursk region
Having launched a counteroffensive on July 12, Soviet troops liberated Orel and Belgorod on August 5, 1943
In honor of this victory, an artillery salute was fired for the first time in Moscow.
Slide 12
November 28 – December 1, 1943 - Tehran Conference
The first conference of the “Big Three” during the Second World War - the leaders of three countries: F. D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain) and J. V. Stalin (USSR)
At the conference, decisions were made on joint military action against Nazi Germany, on post-war cooperation, and on the opening no later than May 1, 1944 of a second front in Europe by invasion across the English Channel. The issue of the post-war borders of Poland and the USSR's start of war with Japan after the defeat of Nazi Germany was discussed.
Slide 13
January 24, 1944 -Liquidation of the siege of Leningrad
- August 30, 1941 Leningrad was in the grip
- On September 8, the Germans cut the Moscow-Leningrad railway, took Shlisselburg and surrounded Leningrad from land
- Hitler ordered a long siege
- 642 thousand people died from starvation during the blockade
- On January 27, 1944, the blockade was completely lifted
- The bloodiest and most heroic siege in human history lasted 882 days.
-
Slide 14
1943 - 1944 -Liberation of the territory of the USSR
During the summer-autumn offensive of 1943, Soviet troops liberated Left Bank Ukraine with the industrial areas of Donbass, part of Belarus
- November 6, 1943 Kyiv was liberated
- In the summer of 1944, the Red Army carried out one of the largest operations of the Great Patriotic War (“Bagration”). Belarus was completely liberated
- In mid-August 1944, Soviet troops in the western direction reached the border with Germany
- At the end of August Moldova was liberated
- In 1944, the state border of the USSR was completely restored, military operations were transferred beyond the borders of our Motherland
-
Slide 15
June 6, 1944 - Second front. Allied landings in Normandy.
- On June 6, 1944, the Allied landing in Normandy (northern France) opened a second front
- On August 15, American-French troops landed on the coast of Southern France
- On August 25, the Allies, with the support of partisans, liberated Paris
-
Slide 16
February 4-11, 1945 - Crimean (Yalta) Conference
The second meeting of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order.
The conference was held in the Livadia (White) Palace in Yalta, Crimea from February 4 to 11, 1945 and became the last conference of the leaders of the “Big Three” anti-Hitler coalition in the pre-nuclear era.
At the conference, plans for the defeat of Germany, the terms of surrender, the principles of post-war cooperation, the creation of the United Nations (UN), the issue of the trial of Nazi criminals, and the post-war borders of Poland were agreed upon. After the end of the war, it was planned to divide Germany and its capital Berlin into occupation zones
Slide 17
1944 - 1945 - Liberation of Europe
- The Red Army was perceived in Europe as a liberating army
- On July 20, 1944, Red Army troops began the liberation of Poland
- German troops put up fierce resistance in the battles for Hungary
- In January 1945, Soviet troops began broad offensive operations in order to complete the defeat of Nazi Germany. The offensive took place on a huge 1,200 km front from the Baltic to the Carpathians
- By the end of the winter of 1945, the Soviet Army had completely liberated Poland and Hungary, a significant part of Czechoslovakia and Austria.
- In the spring of 1945, the Red Army reached the approaches to Berlin
-
Slide 18
April - May 1945 -Battle of Berlin
On April 21, the first assault troops reached the outskirts of the German capital and started street battles. German soldiers put up fierce resistance, surrendering only in hopeless situations.
Slide 19
On the night of May 9, the act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. The war in Europe is over.
On May 9, Soviet troops completed their last operation - they defeated the Nazi army group surrounding the capital of Czechoslovakia, Prague, and entered the city.
The long-awaited Victory Day has arrived, which has become a great holiday. The decisive role in achieving this victory, in achieving the defeat of Nazi Germany and ending the Second World War belongs to the Soviet Union.
Slide 20
July 17 – August 2, 1945 -Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
The third and final conference for the leaders of the Big Three powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II - Stalin, Truman and Churchill (who was replaced in recent days by C. Attlee)
The decisions of the Crimean Conference were confirmed. The structure of Germany on a democratic basis was proclaimed. East Prussia with the city of Königsberg was transferred to the USSR. The borders of Poland were confirmed, the issue of destroying German monopolies, the trial of the main war criminals, and the collection of indemnities from Germany was resolved.
Slide 21
August 6 and 9, 1945 - Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
On August 6, 1945, the American B-29 EnolaGay bomber dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb, equivalent to 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
On August 9, 1945, the "FatMan" atomic bomb was dropped from an American B-29 "Bockscar" bomber on the city of Nagasaki.
The total number of deaths ranged from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people in Nagasaki
Slide 22
August 9 - September 2, 1945 - Defeat of Japan
Fulfilling its allied obligations given at the Tehran and Yalta conferences, on the evening of August 8, 1945, the Soviet government announced the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan
At dawn on August 9, 1945, USSR troops began military operations in the Far East. Within a few days, the Kwantung Army, Japan's main ground force, was defeated. Japan lost the bridgeheads that it was preparing for the war against the USSR: Manchuria, North Korea, South Sakhalin, the cities of Dalniy (Dairen) and Port Arthur, as well as the Kuril Islands
On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its surrender. The Instrument of Surrender, formally ending World War II, was signed on September 2, 1945
Municipal educational institution "Novokemsk secondary school"
Teacher Mitrofanov V.K.
Causes of World War II
- Contradictions of the Versailles-Washington system of world order
- The emergence of fascist states
- Reluctance of European and American countries to agree on security in Europe and the world
- The policy of appeasing the aggressor - Hitler's Germany (Munich Agreement - 1938)
Beginning of World War II
On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Within two weeks there was nothing left of the Polish army. The Polish government, seeing the hopelessness of the situation, fled abroad on September 16. Warsaw, despite the fierce resistance of the common population to the Nazis, capitulated on September 27.
Partition of Poland
- On September 17, 1939, the Red Army entered the territory of defeated Poland from the east. Poland was divided between Germany and the USSR.
- A common border appeared between the USSR and Germany.
"Strange War"
- September 3, 1939
UK and France declare war on Germany after it left unanswered their ultimatum to stop aggression against Poland . New Zealand and Australia also declare war on Germany. From this time until May 10, 1940, the so-called " Strange War" .
Soviet-Finnish War
- November 30, 1939
Soviet troops invaded the territory of Finland (this so-called Winter War lasted until March 12, 1940 and is not considered part of the Second World War). Defeat of Finland. The USSR was expelled from the League of Nations.
Occupation of Denmark and Norway
- April 9, 1940
Germany occupied Denmark and Norway.
War in the Western direction
- May 10, 1940
German troops invade the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (operations end on May 14) - plan implemented "Gelb" .
German victory in the West
- May 25, 1940
Over 300 thousand British and French soldiers surrounded by the Germans in the Northeast France , begin evacuation from Dunkirk (ends June 4) - Dunkirk operation .
- June 22, 1940
France capitulated
Battle of Britain
- August 1, 1940
Hitler issued Directive No. 17 on the conduct of a wide air war against England, began Battle of Britain . This battle was won by W. Churchill, the main enemy of A. Hitler.
Tripartite Pact
- September 27, 1940
The Tripartite Pact was signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance.
"Axis Rome-Berlin-Tokyo" "Axis Powers"
Plan Barbarossa
- December 18, 1940
Hitler signed Directive No. 21 on the war against the USSR (Plan Barbarossa).
- February 3, 1941
The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for a strike in the East.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people with Nazi Germany
- June 22, 1941.
- Plan "Barbarossa" put into action: German troops invade the USSR in three army groups aimed at capturing Leningrad, Moscow and Ukraine (Romanian troops support the aggression). The beginning of the Barbarossa plan meant the death of Nazi Germany.
The feat of the hero-fortress of Brest
At 4 o'clock in the morning, Germany attacked the border territories of the Soviet Union.
- June 22, 1941
Defense began on the USSR border Brest Fortress (Belarus), which lasted until July 20, 1941.
Battle of Smolensk
- July 10 - September 10, 1941.
- Battle results:
We managed to detain the enemy for two months.
Under the threat of encirclement, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Smolensk - the city was surrendered, Battle of Smolensk finished.
Anti-Hitler coalition
- Anti-Hitler coalition- a union of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War of 1939-45 against Nazi bloc countries, also called Axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites.
- During the war years, the term “United Nations” became synonymous with the anti-Hitler coalition, proposed by Roosevelt and first found in the Declaration of the United Nations of 1942 (Washington Declaration of Twenty-Six). During 1941, the coalition joined Soviet Union , United States And China. As of January 1942, the anti-Hitler coalition consisted of 26 states: the so-called Big Four (USA, UK, USSR, China), British dominions (countries of Central and Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as governments in exile of occupied European countries. The number of coalition participants during The war increased; by the time the war with Japan ended, 53 states of the world were at war with Germany and its allies.
Battle for Leningrad
- September 8, 1941
The beginning of the battle for Leningrad. Germans at the gates of the city of Lenin. The Germans could not take the city on the move, so they proceeded to besiege the city. The Red Army left Schlisserburg. The blockade of Leningrad began, which lasted until January 27 1944 G.. The Battle of Leningrad ended in victory for the Red Army .
Moscow Battle
- September 30, 1941
The battle for Moscow has begun. The German command is implementing the Typhoon plan, according to which the attack on the capital of the USSR gradually fades by the beginning of December.
- December 5-7, 1941
the beginning of the Red Army's counteroffensive.
- The first defeat of the Wehrmacht in World War II. The myth of invincibility dispelled
Fascist Germany.
US entry into the war
Sunday morning December 7, 1941 In 1999, aircraft from the aircraft carriers of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo dealt a crushing blow to the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. By 6.15 Hawaiian time, 183 aircraft of the first shock wave, led by Captain 2nd Rank Mitsuo Fuchida, were in the air. 49 horizontal bombers armed with 1,600-pound armor-piercing bombs (converted from shells), 40 torpedo bombers with special torpedoes adapted for shallow depths, and 51 dive bombers with 500-pound bombs were moving toward the target. They were covered by 43 Zero fighters.
War in Africa
North African operation or Operation Crusader(English) Crusader, russian Crusader) - a military operation of the British 8th Army against the Axis armed forces in Egypt and Libya from November 18 to December 30, 1941 during the North African Campaign. The British victory during the operation was the first victory of Great Britain over the Wehrmacht troops. Erwin Rommel's Panzer Army Africa and the German Afrika Korps were defeated by the British.
Battle of Stalingrad
- July 17, 1942
The battles for the city of Stalingrad began.
- November 19, 1942
The beginning of the counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad. The offensive continued until February 2, 1943. The German Sixth Army under the command of Friedrich Paulus was destroyed. The beginning of a radical change in the course of the war.
Battle of Kursk
- July 5, 1943. The offensive of German troops on the Kursk Bulge began. Operation "Citadel"
- July 12, 1943
- July 12, 1943 oncoming tank battle near Prokhorovka. Defeat of German troops. A turning point during the war .
Operation Bagration
- June 23, 1944
Started
offensive operation "Bagration" June 23 - August 29, 1944 of Soviet troops in Belarus and Lithuania. The German group of troops "Center" was completely destroyed.
Tehran Conference
- Tehran Conference F. D. Roosevelt (USATHE USSR)
- Tehran Conference- the first conference of the “Big Three” - the leaders of three countries during the Second World War: F. D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain) and J.V. Stalin ( THE USSR)[, held in Tehran November 28 - December 1, 1943. The conference became an important stage in the development of international and inter-allied relations; a number of issues of war and peace were considered and resolved at it - the exact date was set for the opening of a second front by the allies in France.
- Tehran Conference- the first conference of the “Big Three” - the leaders of three countries during the Second World War: F. D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain) and J.V. Stalin ( THE USSR)[, held in Tehran November 28 - December 1, 1943. The conference became an important stage in the development of international and inter-allied relations; a number of issues of war and peace were considered and resolved at it - the exact date was set for the opening of a second front by the allies in France.
Opening of the Second Front in Europe
- June 6, 1944
Started Allied landings in Normandy . The Second Front has been opened. The plan has begun" "Overlord" .
Liberation of Europe
- August 2, 1944
fighting began in the area Warsaw troops of the 1st Belorussian Front (August 2 - September 23, 1944).
Started Belgrade operation - offensive operation (September 28 - October 20, 1944)
Started Debrecen offensive operation in Eastern Hungary (October 2-27, 1944) by troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front under the command of Marshal R.Ya. Malinovsky
Started Budapest operation
Started East Prussian operation
Crimean Conference
Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the Allied Powers(February 4 - 11, 1945) - one of the meetings of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order. The conference took place at the Livadia Palace in Yalta, Crimea.
Battle of Berlin
- April 16, 1945
The beginning of the Berlin operation of troops of the 1st, 2nd Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts.
- May 2, 1945
During the Berlin operation, Soviet troops occupy Berlin.
- May 8, 1945
- Signing in Karlshorst (a suburb of Berlin) of the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Nazi Germany. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declaring May 9 Victory Day
Atomic bombing of Japan
- August 6, 1945
US aircraft dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
- August 9, 1945
US aircraft dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki
Berlin Conference
The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference took place in Potsdam at the Cecilienhof Palace from July 17 to August 2, 1945 with the participation of the leadership of the three largest powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II in order to determine further steps for the post-war structure of Europe. The conference was attended by the heads of government of three states - US President Harry Truman (chaired all meetings), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the State Defense Committee of the USSR I.V. Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (lost the election during the conference , and his successor Clement Attlee arrived in Potsdam).
War with militaristic Japan
- August 8, 1945
The offensive operation of the Soviet Armed Forces against the armed forces began Japan. Lasted from August 8 to September 2, 1945.
- The million-strong Kwantung Army was defeated. September 2, 1945, the end of World War II.
Results of World War II
- Was involved in World War II 72 states. In the countries participating in the war, up to 110 million people. During the war, up to 62 million h. (including St. 27 million Soviet citizens).
- Fascist regimes in Germany and Italy destroyed
- Militarist Japan defeated
- Creation of a new international UN organization
World War II (September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945)
Confrontation between two blocs
states;
62 states (out of 73);
the fighting took place on 3
continents and in the waters of 4 oceans;
the only conflict in
which nuclear weapons were used
weapon.
Causes
difficult conditions for Germany
Treaty of Versailles 1919;
national socialist ideas and
A. Hitler's politics;
consequences of the Versailles-Washington system;
the policy of “appeasing the aggressor”;
global economic crisis.Great Patriotic War (June 22, 1941 – May 9, 1945)
The USSR's war against Nazi Germany and its allies (Bulgaria, Hungary,
Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Finland, Croatia);
a decisive part of World War II. On the eve of the Second World War
March 1938
Germany carries out the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria
Munich Agreement (Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, Mussolini) transfer to Germany
September 1938
Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, ended with its division by Germany, Hungary and
Poland.
Chamberlain declared “Peace is assured for generations” - 11 months before the war.
August 23, 1939
September 1
1939
September 17
1939
September 28
1939
November 1939 –
March 1940
"Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" on non-aggression (10 years) and the secret protocol on
division of spheres of influence.
Germany attacked Poland (on September 3, England and France declared war on Germany -
the beginning of WWII); Polish troops were defeated, the government fled the country.
Soviet troops entered Eastern Poland and occupied Western Ukraine and
Western Belarus. Spring 1940 12 thousand Polish officers were shot in the camp
near Katyn near Smolensk (the guilt of the NKVD was recognized in 1990).
signing in Moscow by Molotov and Ribbentrop of the Soviet-German treaty on
friendship and border and a number of secret protocols: clarification of the border line between the two
countries, joint actions of intelligence services against the Polish resistance.
Soviet-Finnish (winter) war: full control of Lake Ladoga and
secured Murmansk, which was located near Finnish territory.
Accession of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia to the USSR (Soviet
August 1940
governments that have applied to join).
Inclusion of Moldova in the USSR (ultimatum to Romania to return Bessarabia and
S. Bukovina).
During 1940, the USSR pushed back its western borders by 200–600 km. Partition agreements implemented
spheres of influence. Germany conquered France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Denmark, and Norway. Soviet-German relations on the eve of the war
Both Stalin and Hitler had no doubt that a military clash between Germany and the USSR was inevitable.
Summer 1940
November 1940
December 1940
On behalf of Hitler, the Barbarossa plan was developed: a war against the USSR.
Negotiations in Berlin (Molotov), no agreement took place.
Hitler signs the Barbarossa plan (May 1941, but due to hostilities in
Balkans - captured Yugoslavia and Greece, moved to June 1941).
Stalin sought to use the time remaining before the war with maximum benefit for
preparation for war:
Stalin assumed the powers of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR;
We changed the approach to recruiting and equipping the army;
Development of the military industry;
Rearmament of the army;
September 1, 1939 introduction of universal conscription;
a regular army began to be deployed (repressed officers were returned to the troops).
But there was not enough time even to eliminate the shortcomings revealed in the winter war; You're Lee
the army was not yet ready (Stalin hoped that Hitler would not attack before defeating Great Britain).
In the spring of 1941, Soviet intelligence reported to Stalin almost daily about Hitler's plans. Scout R. Sorge
not only reported on the transfer of German troops, but also on the timing of the German attack. But there were also reports about
other terms. The Soviet leadership understood the army’s unpreparedness for an offensive war, but it was impossible
give a German a reason to accuse him of violating the Non-Aggression Pact. Only on the night of June 22, 1941 was
an order was given to bring the troops of the border districts into combat readiness (Directive No. 1 signed with
consent of Stalin Zhukov and Timoshenko).Causes of the Great Patriotic War
Hitler's quest for world domination
German nation (idea of pan-Germanism)
The need to conquer the fascist
Germany natural resources of the USSR,
necessary for her to continue the war
against England and USA
Irreducible ideological
contradictions between capitalist and
socialist systems German plans
"Barbarossa": based on the idea of blitzkrieg - lightning war - victory in 3 months,
by the fall of 1941, reach the Arkhangelsk-Volga-Astrakhan line, destroying Soviet troops on
border and pushing the remnants of troops beyond the Urals with three army groups.
"Ost": dismemberment and occupation of the USSR, physical destruction of a significant part
population, make the rest slaves, deprive them of education, medical care,
doomed to extinction byGroup
famine.armies Soviet weapons on the eve of the war
September 1, 1939 – Law on universal conscription (personnel formation principle
army).
As of June 22, 1941, more than 5 million people served in the USSR Armed Forces.
Creation of mechanized corps (but only 10–15% of them are provided with equipment).
The latest types of weapons have been developed, many superior to German ones, BUT all this equipment
there were almost none in the troops yet, so at first they used outdated equipment.
Anti-tank and
anti-aircraft guns;
Submachine gun
Shpagina (PPSh);
Heavy tanks KV-1, KV-2
(Zh.Ya. Kotin);
YAK-1 fighters (A.S.
Howitzers;
Anti-tank
semi-automatic shotgun
Simonova (PTRS);
Medium tanks T-34
(M.I. Koshkin, A.A.
Morozov);
Gorbunov, M. I. Gudkov),
MiG-3 (A.I. Mikoyan and M.I.
Gurevich), I-16;
Anti-tank
single shot shotgun
Degtyarev systems
(PTRD);
Light tanks T-26, T-27, BT (N. A. Kucherenko).
Reactive
installation of BM-13
(“Katyusha”).
Self-loading
pistol (TT) Tokarev,
self-loading rifle
(SVT-40).
Yakovlev),
LaGG-3 (S.A. Lavochkin, V.P.
Further
Il-4 bomber (S.
V. Ilyushin);
Armored
Il-2 attack aircraft;
Diving
Pe-2 bomber (V.
M. Petlyakov). The Great Patriotic War
First period
Strategic defense of the Red Army,
The defeat of German troops near Moscow, the failure of the blitzkrieg,
Leningrad blockade,
Restructuring the economy on a war footing.
Second period
A radical turning point in the course of the war,
Battle of Stalingrad,
Battle of Kursk,
Battle of the Dnieper,
Breaking the blockade of Leningrad (January 1943).
Third period
Completion of the liberation of the territory of the USSR,
Fighting in Eastern and Central Europe,
Liberation mission of the Red Army,
Anti-Hitler coalition and the opening of a second front,
Battle for Berlin.
The defeat of the Hitler bloc and unconditional
surrender of Germany.
(June 22, 1941 –
November 18, 1942)
(November 19, 1942 –
1943)
(1944 – May 9, 1945) I. M. Toidze. The Motherland is calling!
22
22 – end
July
23
June
The attack of Germany, the beginning of the Second World War at 3.30 am.
Defense of the Brest Fortress under the command of P. M. Gavrilov and
garrison commissar E. M. Fomin
Formation of the Headquarters of the High Command headed by the People's Commissar
defense by Marshal S.K. Timoshenko (since August 8, Supreme Headquarters
High Command - Supreme High Command headed by Stalin, which included: V.M.
Molotov, S. K. Timoshenko, S. M. Budyonny, K. E. Voroshilov, B. M.
Shaposhnikov, G.K. Zhukov) for strategic management
Armed forces of the USSR.
24
Creation of the Evacuation Council headed by N. M. Shvernik;
Formation of the Sovinformburo under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Shcherbakov for
media coverage of military events and the internal life of the country.
29
Directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the mobilization of all forces and means to resist
to the enemy.
30
Formation of the State Defense Committee (GKO) headed by
Stalin as an emergency body of the USSR, concentrating all power and
coordinating the actions of the front and rear (including A. N. Kosygin)
Results of the first 10 days
On June 29, the Germans took Minsk;
The Germans advanced 500 - 600 km;
Occupation of Belarus and Ukraine; Capture of the Baltic States;
Guns, mortars, airplanes (1.2 thousand on the 1st day), tanks, warehouses were captured or destroyed;
The main forces of the Western Front troops were surrounded (no radio communications, orders did not reach). Major
P. M. Gavrilov
Defense of the Brest Fortress June – August 1941
Regimental Commissar
E. M. Fomin
shot
Germans
not far from
Kholm Gate. First German losses
100 thousand people (more than all their previous
losses during the war years);
40% tanks;
About 1 thousand aircraft.
Soviet troops lost about 850 thousand.
people, and in 1941 the total losses were about 5 million.
killed, missing, caught in
captivity.
The reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war
The military-economic potential of Germany, which used the resources of almost the entire Western
Europe, significantly exceeded the capabilities of the USSR industry;
The surprise of the German attack;
Inexperience of the command staff due to pre-war repressions;
Management errors in determining the timing of the start of the war;
Dismantling of old and absence of new fortifications on the border;
Belated bringing of troops to combat readiness;
A military doctrine that provided for military operations on enemy territory.
Strategic Defense Plan
Inflicting maximum losses on the enemy;
Defense of borders to gain time to bring up reserves;
Creating conditions for the evacuation of people, industrial equipment,
food supplies;
Destruction of industrial facilities in the abandoned territory (“scorched principle”
land"). First period of the war (June 22, 1941 – November 18, 1942)
July–November 1941
Powerful offensive of the Wehrmacht (German) troops, occupation of the Baltic states, Belarus,
Ukraine, Moldova, attack on Donbass
July 10 – September 10
Battle of Smolensk. Delay in the offensive against Moscow. First used
"Katyusha"
July 11 – September 19
Defense of Kyiv: Kyiv surrendered, surrounded by Soviet troops.
July 12, 1941
August 5 – October 16
August 16
August 30 – September 8
Signing in Moscow of the Soviet-British agreement on joint actions against Germany:
assist each other in war and refuse to conduct separate negotiations with aggressor countries
Defense of Odessa
Order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 270: announcement of commanders and political workers who have surrendered
"malicious deserters"
Defeats of German troops in the Yelnya area (near Smolensk)
8 September
The Germans capture Shlisselburg: the beginning of the siege of Leningrad (900 days).
The city has more than 2.5 million people (400 thousand children). Creation of the "Road of Life".
September 18
Creation of the Soviet Guard
September 29 – October 1
Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, Great Britain, USA: beginning
military supplies to the USSR under Lend-Lease (loan or lease) of weapons, ammunition,
food, raw materials, etc. (Since December 1941, the United States enters the war, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor).
September 30th
Beginning of the Battle of Moscow (first German offensive)
October 30
Beginning of the defense of Sevastopol (250 days)
15th of November
Second offensive of German troops on Moscow
December 5 – 6
The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive near Moscow Siege of Leningrad (900 days)
Tanya Savicheva is a schoolgirl who, since the beginning of the blockade
Leningrad began keeping a diary in a notebook. Almost
Tanya Savicheva's entire family died in December 1941
years to May 1942. Her diary has nine pages,
six of which are the dates of death of close people - mother,
grandmothers, sisters, brothers and two uncles. Tanya herself died already in
evacuation.
Tanya Savicheva
The road of life: the only one
transport route
across Lake Ladoga. IN
periods of navigation - on water,
in winter - on ice. Linked with
September 12, 1941 to March 1943
years of the siege of Leningrad
country At a performance in Chicago Pavlichenko
Hero of the Soviet Union said,
addressing the Americans:
“Gentlemen! I am twenty five years old. On
front I have already managed to destroy 309
fascist invaders. Don't you think
you gentlemen, you've been taking too long
hiding behind my back?!” first ram during the war
senior artillery sergeant covering
retreat of his regiment on July 17
single-handedly destroyed 11 tanks of the division
Guderian, 7 armored vehicles, 57 soldiers and
enemy officers. The first in history to close
with your body the enemy
machine gun. A feat that received
later the name Alexandra
Matrosov, about whom, by virtue
circumstances were known earlier,
made by tank political instructor
company Alexander Pankratov
already on August 24, 1941. In just
wartime 403 fighters
repeated the feat
Pankratova-Matrosova. Defense of the Arctic
(Battle for the Arctic) -
fighting
Northern and Karelian troops
(since September 1, 1941)
fronts, Northern Fleet and
White Sea Military
flotillas against the German and
Finnish troops on the Kola
peninsula, in Northern
Karelia,
on Barentsev, Beloy and Karsk
om seas in June 1941 -
October 1944. In battles
also took part
British troops Battle for Moscow
By autumn the Germans had deeply invaded
territory of the USSR, captured the Baltic states,
Ukraine, Belarus, Donbass, blocked
Leningrad and reached the approaches to Moscow and St.
Caucasus. But to implement the Barbarossa plan like this
and failed.
Operation Typhoon (by Army Group Center
von Bock): break through the front with 3 powerful blows
defense of spacecraft on the approaches to Moscow, encircle and
destroy the main forces in the Vyazma area and
Bryansk, and go around it from the north and south.
Grouping of Soviet troops at the initial
stage was significantly inferior in strength to the Germans
Stage 1 (September 30 – December 5):
defensive battles at long and close range
approaches to Moscow; German attempt to take
the capital with a frontal attack in
the central part of the front line.
Stage 2 (December 5, 1941 – April 20, 1942):
Soviet counteroffensive
Moscow (December 5–6 by troops of the Western
front (Zhukov), Kalinin (I. S. Konev), and
right wing of the South-Western (S.K.
Timoshenko). V. V. Talalikhin
hero pilot, first
rammed into
night air
battle the night of August 7
1941 on I-16, shooting down
on the outskirts of Moscow
hostile
bomber;
won six
air victories in
air battles; Hero
Soviet Union
ace pilot, shot down the most
German aircraft (64
victory). Thrice Hero
Soviet Union.
fighter pilot,
first twice hero
Soviet Union.
Committed 224 combat
departure, more than 30
downed planes.
Died in May 1942.
Pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union;
flew 86 combat missions,
shot down 11 enemy aircraft: four
before injury (legs were amputated)
and seven after.
At night
witches
called Soviet
pilots who flew
on bomber planes On November 7, 1941, a traditional military parade was held on Red Square; straight from
The parade sent military units to the front. This event contributed to the maintenance
the morale of our soldiers during the Battle of Moscow. November 16th, when a new one began
enemy attack on Moscow,
fighters at the head
with political instructor V. G. Klochkov,
carrying out defense 7 kilometers to
southeast of Volokolamsk,
accomplished a feat during a 4-hour
battle, destroying 18 enemy tanks.
All 28 people died. Phrase
“Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat -
behind Moscow!”, allegedly
the political instructor said before his death
Klochkov, was included in the Soviet
school and university textbooks on
stories.
V. G. Klochkov
military commissar of the rifle regiment
316th Infantry Division of the 16th Army
Western Front, political instructor, Hero
Soviet Union. Killed in defense
Moscow. Awarded the Order of Lenin,
two Orders of the Red Banner. First woman to be awarded
title Hero of the Soviet
Union (posthumously).
In November she was hanged by the Germans in the village
Petrishchi, Moscow region. How
the partisan was thrown into the German
rear to burn houses and thereby
detain the enemy.Reasons for the failure of the blitzkrieg plan:
Massive courage and heroism of Soviet soldiers.
From the first day of the war, the defenders of the border defended for more than a month.
Brest Fortress.
On June 26, the crew of Nikolai Gastello performed a feat, sending his damaged
bomber on a column of tanks.
These and many other manifestations of the courage of Soviet soldiers inspired horror
the enemy, deprived him of faith in victory.
Soviet commanders acquired the combat experience necessary to
countering the latest enemy tactics.
The appearance on the battlefield of the latest models of Soviet military equipment,
superior enemy equipment (KV-1 and T-34 tanks, IL-2 attack aircraft,
rocket launcher "Katyusha").
Difficult natural and climatic conditions of the western and southwestern
regions of the USSR (summer heat, dust, autumn thaw). Geographical factor
(a huge territory of our country). The meaning of the Battle of Moscow
Germany's first major defeat in WWII;
The final failure of the blitzkrieg plan, the war turned into a protracted one;
The myth of the invincibility of the German army has been dispelled;
The deterioration of Germany's international position and the complication of its foreign policy relations with
the Axis countries (Japan and Turkey postponed the entry of their troops into the war against the USSR);
Strengthening the international position of the USSR;
Acceleration of the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition;
Strengthening the moral and psychological mood of the Soviet people.
First period of the war (June 22, 1941 – November 18, 1942)
January 1, 1942
Signing in Washington of the “Declaration of 26 States” (Declaration of the United Nations)
members of the Anti-Hitler Coalition.
Spring 1942
Temporary calm: the parties revised plans, pulled up reserves, transferred
additional weapons to the front. After the failure of Barbarossa, there is no strength to attack
along the entire front, the Germans are developing an offensive plan in the south to capture Donbass, Don, Kuban
and reach the Caucasus for oil. (Zhukov and Shaposhnikov thought that the main blow would be to the south, Stalin -
Moscow again: reserves were concentrated in the Moscow direction).
May 26, 1942
Signing in London of the Soviet-British Treaty of Alliance against Germany (mutual assistance
and union)
Spring – autumn 1942
July 12, 1942
Defeats of Soviet troops in the south of the country (near Kharkov in May, in a giant
The cauldron turned out to be the troops of the Southwestern Front of Marshal S.K. Timoshenko).
unsuccessful attempt to lift the blockade of Leningrad during the Lyuban operation,
where the 2nd Shock Army of General Vlasov was surrounded (surrendered).
KA offensive in Crimea (Sevastopol fell on July 4 after a 250-day siege):
strategic miscalculations of the Supreme Command Headquarters (they were expecting the main attack on Moscow).
The Wehrmacht reached the Northern Caucasus and Volga.
Creation of the Stalingrad Front (S.K. Timoshenko, from July 23 V.N. Gordov, from August 5
A. I. Eremenko). First period of the war (June 22, 1941 – November 18, 1942)
July 17 – November 18
1942
July 28, 1942
Wehrmacht troops under the command of General Paulus broke through to the Don bend.
The defensive stage of the Battle of Stalingrad began.
Order No. 227 “Not a step back!”: penal units, foreign detachments.
August 23, 1942
an air raid was carried out on Stalingrad (8 hours of bombing): the city
turned into ruins, oil storage tanks were destroyed, fires.
September 1942
the Germans broke through in several places to the Volga, cutting the Stalingrad
grouping into several parts (the city was defended by the 62nd and 64th armies under
command of generals V.I. Chuikov and M. s. Shumilov).
Mamayev Kurgan became the center of defense (passed into their hands several times
hands).
November 1942
By mid-November, the German offensive had run out of steam, Paulus’ army
was able to capture all of Stalingrad.
"Pavlov's House" V. G. Zaitsev,
renowned sniper
1047th Infantry Regiment
(284th Infantry Division,
62nd Army, Stalingrad
front). Between 10
November to December 17, 1942
years in the battles for Stalingrad
killed 225 soldiers and
enemy officers in that
including 11 snipers (among
which Heinz was
Horvald).
R. I. Ruben
Hero of the Soviet Union, commander
machine gun company, captain. Was
mortally wounded in battles for
Stalingrad.
Hispanic by nationality
evacuated to the USSR as a child.
Y. Pavlov
Sergeant of the Red Army,
famous during the defense
at home during the battles for
Stalingrad, later home
was named after him. "Young
Guard" - underground anti-fascist corps
msomol organization of youths and
girls, (leaders: Oleg Koshevoy,
Ivan Turkenich, Ivan Zemnukhov)
operating during the Great Patriotic War
Patriotic War, mainly in
city of Krasnodon, Ukrainian SSR.
The youngest member of the underground
was 14 years old.
The organization was created shortly after
the beginning of the German occupation of Krasnodon,
which began on July 20, 1942. "Young
Guard" numbered about 110
participants - boys and girls.
Organization members
called the Young Guards.
November 19, 1942
January 12 – 18, 1943
January 31 – February 2
1943
June 11, 1943
July 5 – August 23
1943
Battle of Stalingrad
August 5, 1943
August 23, 1943
Liberation of Kharkov
August 25 – December 23
November 3 – 13
November 28 – December 1
(they broke through the Eastern Wall)
Alexander Matrosov
February 23, 1943 in the battle for
Chernushki village
broke through to the enemy
bunker and, closing it with his
body embrasure,
sacrificed himself to
ensure your success
division.
Posthumously assigned
title of Hero of the Soviet
Union. Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 – February 2, 1943)
The German plan: an offensive in the southern direction with the aim of defeating the left wing of the Soviet troops,
occupation of the Lower Volga region and the capture of Stalingrad, which would allow cutting off the Volga transport
the artery through which bread and oil were delivered to the center of the USSR.
Soviet command plan: generally defensive actions and a number of private offensive operations
near Leningrad, in the Novgorod region, in Kharkov, Crimea.
German troops outnumbered Soviet troops in the number of guns, mortars, aircraft and slightly in
manpower.
Stage 1 (July 17 - November 18, 1942): defensive battles on the approaches to Stalingrad and in
city.
The Supreme High Command headquarters developed a plan to defeat the enemy - Operation Uranus: the encirclement of Paulus' troops under
Stalingrad by the forces of the Southwestern Front (N.F. Vatutin), the Stalingrad Front (A.I. Eremenko) and
Don Front (K.K. Rokossovsky).
Stage 2 (November 19, 1942 – February 2, 1943): counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad.
November 19 – 20 offensive in accordance with the Uranus plan
On November 23, 22 German divisions (330 thousand people) from Paulus’s army were surrounded;
December 12 – 20 unsuccessful attempts by von Manstein’s Army Group “Don” (it was opposed by the 2nd Guards
army of R. Ya. Malinovsky) to release the encircled German troops:
January 10 – February 2, 1943 liquidation of the encircled group at Stalingrad (Operation “Ring”):
At the end of January, the encircled enemy group was divided into two parts - southern and northern,
January 31 surrender of the southern group of German troops led by F. Paulus.
February 2 surrender of the northern group of German troops.
Meaning: the beginning of a radical change during WWII and WWII;
Retreat of German troops from the Northern Caucasus;
Refusal of Hitler's command to invade England;
Acceleration of the opening of the Second Front in Europe;
Strengthened the morale of the Soviet people. Battle of Kursk (July 5 – August 23, 1943)
The front line after the winter offensive of the Red Army stabilized, forming in the Kursk area
ledge towards the German positions - the Kursk Bulge.
The German Operation Citadel involved the liquidation of the Kursk salient and the delivery of counter strikes
army groups "Center" von Kluge and "South" von Manstein from the Orel and Kharkov areas to Kursk with the aim
encircle and destroy the Soviet troops of the Central and Voronezh fronts. Then an attack on the southeast (Rostov and the Caucasus) and northeast (Moscow). New military equipment (Tiger and Panther tanks, assault
gun "Ferdinand", fighter "Focke-Wulf-190A", attack aircraft "Henschel-129").
The Soviet command intended to wear down the enemy in defensive positions, and then move into
counteroffensive.
Partisans played a major role in the war (since May 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement P.K.
Ponomarenko): operations “Rail War” and “Concert”, as a result of which hundreds of railways were blown up
tracks and dozens of bridges, which contributed to the success of the Battle of Kursk.
Stage 1 (July 5 – 23, 1943): defensive battles on the northern and southern fronts of the Kursk Bulge.
July 5 – artillery preparation of the Central Front (K.K. Rokossovsky) and Voronezh (N.F. Vatutin),
which delayed the German offensive (finally stopped on July 12).
July 12 – the largest tank battle of WWII near Prokhorovka (Voronezh Front): 1200
tanks on both sides. During the battle, a turning point came. Manstein's troops began to retreat.
Stage 2 (July 23 – August 23, 1943): counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Kursk.
On August 5, the liberation of Orel (Operation Kutuzov) and Belgorod (Operation Commander Rumyantsev) in
in honor of which the first fireworks were given in Moscow.
August 23 liberation of Kharkov.
Meaning: completion of a radical fracture;
Liberation of more than half of Soviet territories, beginning of restoration of destroyed areas;
Strengthening the international positions of the USSR; activation of the anti-Hitler coalition and acceleration
opening of a second front; expansion and activation of the front of the national liberation struggle in
Europe. Second period of the war (November 19, 1942 – 1943)
A radical change: the strategic initiative passes to the Red Army
November 19, 1942
January 12 – 18, 1943
January 31 – February 2
1943
June 11, 1943
July 5 – August 23
1943
The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad
The capture of the Shlisselburg fortress by Soviet troops: breaking the blockade
Leningrad (partially withdrawn) Operation Iskra
Surrender of German troops at Stalingrad. Completion
Battle of Stalingrad
Signing of the Soviet-American Agreement on Principles in Washington
mutual assistance in waging war against the aggressor
Battle of Kursk (tank battle at Prokhorovka). "Rail War"
August 5, 1943
Liberation of Orel and Belgorod
August 23, 1943
Liberation of Kharkov
August 25 – December 23
November 3 – 13
November 28 – December 1
Battle of the Dnieper (a series of interconnected strategic operations, on both sides
more than 4 million people took part) Liberation of Left Bank Ukraine
(they broke through the Eastern Wall)
Kiev offensive operation: liberation of Kyiv (November 6)
Tehran Conference (Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt): opening of the 2nd front Third stage (January 1944 – May 9, 1945). "Ten Stalinist blows of 1944".
January 14 – 27
Operation to completely lift the siege of Leningrad
January 24 – 17
February
Korsun-Shevchen operation of the Soviet command: encirclement and destruction of a large
April 8 – May 12
June 6, 1944
enemy groups. Liberation of Right Bank Ukraine.
Crimean operation: liberation of Sevastopol and Crimea
Operation Overlord: opening of a second front - landing in Normandy
June 10 – August 9
The Vyborg-Petrazavodsk operation to defeat the Finnish army in
Karelian and Onega-Ladoga isthmuses and the withdrawal of Finland from the war
June 23 – August 29
Operation Bagration for the liberation of Belarus
July 13 – August 29
Lviv-Sandomierz operation to liberate the western regions
Ukraine and south-eastern regions of Poland
July 17th
August 20 – 29
August 31
September 14 – 24
November
September 15th
October 7 – 29
The 20th of October
Entry of Soviet troops into Polish territory
The Iasi-Kishenev operation to complete the liberation of Moldova and
withdrawal of Romania from the war
Entry of the Red Army into Bucharest (Romania)
Liberation of the Baltics
Entry of Soviet troops into Sofia (Bulgaria)
Operation to liberate the Soviet Arctic
Liberation by Soviet troops (together with the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army) of the southeastern part of Yugoslavia and its capital Belgrade N. I. Kuznetsov
Soviet intelligence officer and partisan, personally
liquidated 11 generals and
high-ranking officials of the occupation
administration of Nazi Germany (chief
Judge of Ukraine Funk, Imperial Counselor
Reichskommissariat of Ukraine Gall and his secretary
Winter, Lieutenant Governor of Galiya Bauer, generals
Knut and Dargel).
D. M. Karbyshev
Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops,
Professor of the General Military Academy
headquarters, brutally tortured by the Nazis in
concentration camp Mauthausen in 1945 (captured in
captivity in August 1941). A truce with Finland on the one hand and the USSR and Great Britain, acting on behalf of the countries
being at war with Finland, on the other hand on September 19, 1944 and actually completed
Soviet-Finnish war 1941-1944. The Treaty of Paris officially ended the war.
signed in 1947.
Third stage (January 1944 – May 9, 1945)
December 1944
Soviet offensive in Hungary
January 12 – 3
February 1945
Vistula-Oder operation (liberation of Warsaw on January 17)
January 13 – April 25
4 – 11 February
February 13
April 13
East Prussian operation (Surrender of Königsberg on April 9)
Yalta (Crimean) conference of the “Big Three” (Churchill, Stalin,
Roosevelt)
Entry of the Red Army into Budapest (Hungary)
Capture of Vienna (Austria) by Soviet troops
April 16 – May 8
Berlin operation. April 30, two Soviet soldiers (Egorov and Kantaria)
hoisted the red banner over the Reichstag.
May 6 – 11
Liberation by Soviet troops together with Prague rebels
Prague (Czechoslovakia)
May 8
Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany in Karlhorst (from
The USSR was signed by G. K. Zhukov)
9th May
Victory Day: a national holiday established in the USSR by Decree
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 8, 1945 Berlin operation (April 16 – May 8)
As a result of the successful winter-spring offensive
1945 Soviet troops reached direct
approaches to Berlin. Soviet troops in the Küstrin area
approached the capital of Germany by 60 - 70 km, advanced
parts of the Anglo-American troops were in the Elbe area
100 – 120 km from Berlin. Germany is on the verge
final military defeat.
The German command planned at any cost
hold the defense in the east, hold back the Red offensive
army, and in the meantime try to conclude a separate
peace with the USA and Great Britain. On the Berlin direction
groups are concentrated against the advancing Soviet troops
armies "Vistula" (General G. Heinrici) and "Center"
(Field Marshal F. Scherner).
The Soviet command planned to inflict several
powerful strikes on a wide front and maneuver with
the goal of encircling the entire Berlin enemy group,
by simultaneously cutting it into pieces and destroying it
each group separately by troops of the 1st
Belorussian (Marshal G.K. Zhukov), 2nd Belorussian
(Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky) and 1st Ukrainian (Marshal I.S.
Konev) fronts. Berlin operation (April 16 – May 8, 1945)
Stage 1 (April 16 – 19): powerful artillery and aviation training, after completion
in which 143 anti-aircraft searchlights were turned on in the offensive zone of the Soviet troops. Their
the dazzling light stunned the enemy and at the same time illuminated the way for the attackers
divisions. The Seelow Heights were captured.
Stage 2 (April 19 – 25): encirclement and dismemberment of the Berlin enemy group.
April 22, Soviet troops fight in Berlin.
April 25 meeting of Soviet and Anglo-American troops on the banks of the Elbe.
Stage 3 (April 26 – May 8): destruction of encircled enemy groups and capture of Berlin;
All attempts to unblock the group encircled in Berlin were stopped.
April 27 capture of Potsdam.
On April 30, the Reichstag was stormed; in the evening, scouts Egorov and Kantaria hoisted the Victory Banner
above the Reichstag.
May 2 surrender of the Berlin garrison: completion of the liquidation of the Berlin group
enemy.
Meaning: end of a fierce battle against Germany;
Predetermined the collapse of Hitler's regime and the unconditional surrender of Germany;
She thwarted the plans of the Nazi leaders to split the Anti-Hitler coalition. Parade on Red Square Moscow 24
June 1945 -
historical Victory Parade,
held in Moscow, on Krasnaya
square, in commemoration of the victory of the USSR
over Germany in the Great Patriotic War
war. UN - The fundamentals of its activities and structure were developed during WWII by the leading participants in the anti-Hitler war
coalition. The name "United Nations" was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations,
signed on January 1, 1942. The UN Charter was approved at the San Francisco Conference, held from
April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 states.Reasons for the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War:
Unparalleled courage and heroism of Soviet soldiers.
High mobilization potential of the Soviet economy.
The feat of the Soviet partisans.
Labor feat of workers of the Soviet rear.
High leadership skill of command
Soviet army.
Military-economic superiority of the USSR over Germany.
The influence of geographical (huge territory) and
climatic (harsh winters) factors.
Economic and military-technical assistance from the allies,
carried out under Lend-Lease.
At the front
The first heroes of the Soviet Union: military pilots M.P. Zhukov, P.T. Kharitonov, S.I.
Zdorovtsev (rammed enemy planes on the distant approaches to Leningrad)
October 1941 – commander of the first battery of BM-13 rocket artillery systems
(“Katyusha”) captain I. A. Flerov with a group of soldiers died surrounded, blowing up
installation of new weapons
November 16, 1941 in a 4-hour battle near Dubosekovo station on the outskirts of Moscow 28
soldiers from the 316th Infantry Division of General I.V. Panfilov, led by junior
political instructor V. G. Klochkov repelled a tank attack at the cost of his life
Stalingrad: Ya.P. Pavlov, sniper V. G. Zaitsev, R. I. Ruben and others.
Kursk Bulge: Lieutenant A.K. Gorovets attacked 20 bombers in one battle and
shot down 9 of them (no one in the world could do this)
January 1945 Soviet submarine “S-13” under the command of Captain A. I. Marinesko
in the Baltic Sea sank the floating base "Wilhelm Gutslov" (about 3 thousand German
sailors for the crews of new submarines)
For courage, bravery and heroism, orders and medals of the Soviet Union were
More than 7 million people were awarded, including 104 people - twice, and G. K. Zhukov,
pilots I. N. Kozhedub and A. I. Pokryshkin - three times The heroism of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War
In the rear
The title of Hero of Socialist Labor was awarded to 199 home front workers, more than 204 thousand.
awarded orders and medals
The medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War” was awarded to 16 million people
E. O. Paton in March 1943 received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for developments in the field
electric welding
A. I. Shakhurin for outstanding services in the field of organization and implementation of serial
production of new types of combat aircraft received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor
In captivity
Creating underground organizations, carrying out mass escapes and joining
Resistance in many European countries (Soviet wars F. A. Poletaev (Fedor Poetan) and Georgy
Kolesyan were posthumously awarded the highest national badge of Italy, the gold medal “For the Military
valor")
Martyrdom in the Mauthausen concentration camp of General D. M. Karbyshev
Tatar poet Lieutenant Musa Jalil died in Maobit prison The largest battles of the Great Patriotic War
Defense of the Arctic (June 29, 1941 - November 1, 1944)
Battle of Moscow (September 30, 1941 - April 20, 1942)
Siege of Leningrad (September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944)
Battle of Rzhev (January 8, 1942 - March 31, 1943)
Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943)
Battle for the Caucasus (July 25, 1942 - October 9, 1943)
Battle of Kursk (July 5 - August 23, 1943)
Battle for Right Bank Ukraine (December 24, 1943 - April 17, 1944)
Belarusian operation (June 23 - August 29, 1944)
Baltic operation (September 14 - November 24, 1944)
Budapest operation (October 29, 1944 - February 13, 1945)
Vistula-Oder operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945)
East Prussian operation (January 13 - April 25, 1945)
Battle of Berlin (April 16 – May 8, 1945) partisans First
hero cities
The cities were named:
Leningrad
Stalingrad
Sevastopol
Odessa
in Order No. 20
Supreme
Commander-in-Chief
dated May 1, 1945
Other cities
received this title
laterIdeology and culture during the war years
Ideology
Replacing class slogans (“Workers of all countries, unite!”) with national slogans (“Death
German occupiers!")The results of World War II horrified everyone. Military actions have brought the very existence of civilization to the brink. During the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, fascist ideology was condemned, and many war criminals were punished. In order to prevent similar possibilities of a new world war in the future, at the Yalta Conference in 1945 it was decided to create the United Nations Organization (UN), which still exists today. The results of the nuclear bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the signing of pacts on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and a ban on their production and use. It must be said that the consequences of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are still felt today. The economic consequences of World War II were also serious. For Western European countries it turned into a real economic disaster. The influence of Western European countries has decreased significantly. At the same time, the United States managed to maintain and strengthen its position. The significance of World War II for the Soviet Union is enormous. The defeat of the Nazis determined the future history of the country. As a result of the conclusion of the peace treaties that followed the defeat of Germany, the USSR noticeably expanded its borders. At the same time, the totalitarian system was strengthened in the Union. Communist regimes were established in some European countries. Victory in the war did not save the USSR from the mass repressions that followed in the 50s.
Slide 1
World War II 1939 – 1945
Slide 2
The Second World War was the bloodiest and most brutal military conflict in the entire history of mankind and the only one in which nuclear weapons were used. 61 states took part in it. The dates of the beginning and end of this war, September 1, 1939 - 1945, September 2, are among the most significant for the entire civilized world.
Slide 3
Causes of World War II.
The causes of the Second World War were the imbalance of power in the world and the problems provoked by the results of the First World War, in particular territorial disputes. The winners of the First World War, the USA, England, and France, concluded the Treaty of Versailles on conditions that were most unfavorable and humiliating for the losing countries, Turkey and Germany, which provoked an increase in tension in the world. At the same time, adopted in the late 1930s by England and France, the policy of appeasing the aggressor made it possible for Germany to sharply increase its military potential, which accelerated the Nazis’ transition to active military action.Slide 4
The main stages of the Second World War.
The first stage from September 1, 1939 to June 21, 1941. The period of the European blitzkrieg of Germany and the Allies. Second stage June 22, 1941 - approximately mid-November 1942. Attack on the USSR and the subsequent failure of the Barbarossa plan. The third stage, the second half of November 1942 - the end of 1943. A radical turning point in the war and Germany’s loss of strategic initiative. At the end of 1943, at the Tehran Conference, in which Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill took part, a decision was made to open a second front. The fourth stage lasted from the end of 1943 to May 9, 1945. It was marked by the capture of Berlin and the unconditional surrender of Germany. Fifth stage May 10, 1945 – September 2, 1945. At this time, fighting takes place only in Southeast Asia and the Far East. The United States used nuclear weapons for the first time.Slide 5
The main battles of World War II, which were of great importance for the history of the USSR
The Battle of Moscow September 30, 1941 – April 20, 1942, which became the first victory of the Red Army; The Battle of Stalingrad July 17, 1942 – February 2, 1943, which marked a radical turning point in the war; Battle of Kursk July 5 – August 23, 1943, during which the largest tank battle of World War II took place near the village of Prokhorovka; The Battle of Berlin - which led to the surrender of Germany.Slide 6
The Second Front is a conventional name in the Second World War of 1939-1945. the Western European front, which England and the United States pledged to open in the summer of 1942. The absence of a second front allowed the Wehrmacht command to keep its main forces in the East without fear for its Western Front. The Soviet government, based on the difficult situation on the Soviet-German front in 1941-1942, insisted that England and the United States open a second front in 1942 with all perseverance.
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The Second Front played a well-known role in the general struggle of the anti-Hitler coalition against Nazi Germany and its satellites. However, even after the opening of the Second Front, where 56-75 Wehrmacht divisions operated, the main front of World War II continued to be the Soviet-German front, where the main enemy forces operated in 1941-45 - 190-266 divisions.
In September 1944, W. Churchill wrote: “...It was the Russian army that gutted the German war machine.”
The Normandy landing operation of American-British troops - code name Operation Overlord - began on June 6, 1944 with the landing of sea and airborne assault forces on the coast of Northern France. German aviation and navy were unable to provide serious resistance.Slide 8
The peoples of the Allied countries demanded the opening of a second front.
The delay in opening the second front was due to the fact that the Anglo-American coalition was counting on the weakening of the USSR, on the fact that after a grueling war the USSR would lose its importance as a great power.
Demonstration in London on Trafalgar Square demanding the opening of a 2nd front
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Stages of World War II
Blitzkrieg (German Blitzkrieg, from Blitz - “lightning” and Krieg - “war”) is a theory of waging a fleeting war, according to which victory is achieved in a time frame calculated in days, weeks or months, before the enemy is able to mobilize and deploy its main military forces.
For the first time, blitzkrieg in practice was successfully carried out by German military strategists at the beginning of World War II during the capture of Poland.
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allies.
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November-December 1941 - Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the central base of the US Pacific Fleet, which led to the US entry into World War II
Neutralization of the US Pacific Fleet allowed Japan to easily capture most of Southeast Asia, including Hong Kong, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, Singapore and the Philippines.
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June 22, 1941 - the beginning of the war
The implementation of the Barbarossa plan began at dawn on June 22, 1941 with extensive air bombing of the largest industrial and strategic centers, as well as the offensive of the ground forces of Germany and its allies along the entire European border of the USSR (over 4.5 thousand km)
153 fascist German divisions (3,300 thousand people) and 37 divisions (300 thousand people) of the satellite states of Hitler Germany were thrown against the Soviet state. They were armed with 3,700 tanks, 4,950 aircraft and 48 thousand guns and mortars
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October–December 1941 -Battle of Moscow
At the end of September - beginning of October 1941, the German Operation Typhoon began, aimed at capturing Moscow
