With the end of the month, the reporting period also comes to an end, that is, the accountant will have to summarize interim results, evaluate the results of the work and analyze them. And to do this, it is necessary to close the month, i.e., adjust the indicators on balance sheet accounts, achieving the necessary accounting reliability. One of the important operations when closing the month is adjusting the cost of the item. Let us consider the main aspects of this operation, illustrating them with examples.
Adjustment of write-off value at the end of the month
Adjustment (leveling) of the cost of an item is a regulatory process carried out to determine the reliable amount of the balance on material accounts. It makes it possible to equalize the cost of inventories sold during the month at the moving average price (i.e. determined at the time of issue) to the weighted average, i.e. calculated at the end of the period, when all cost indicators are known.
The need for this operation arises due to the impressive spread of purchase prices for homogeneous groups of goods. According to clause 16 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”, the cost of inventory and materials in the accounting of an enterprise can be written off at cost:
- units;
- average;
- the first in terms of acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).
The first method of writing off costs, acceptable only in small companies with a minimum range of materials, is not subject to price equalization.
The assessment of inventory items at average cost is carried out by inventory groups by dividing the total cost by the number of units, consisting of the cost and the number of items at the beginning of the month and the received inventory for the month (]]> clause 18 of PBU 5/01 ]]>). Those. The cost of product groups should be calculated for the month as a whole using the formula:
CVD = (C nm + C pm) / (K nm + K pm),
where C nm and K nm are the cost and quantity of inventory items at the beginning of the month, and C pm and K pm are the cost and quantity of inventory items received during the month.
As a rule, sales of inventory items are carried out within a month and the cost of inventory items is written off at the moving average price, since the company does not have the opportunity to determine the weighted average (it cannot be calculated without knowing the quantity and price in subsequent receipts of inventory items).
Let's figure out how the cost of an item is adjusted when closing the month in situations , when the cost of inventory items is written off using the moving average price and the FIFO method.
Example 1: Adjusting write-off value based on average price
The balance of one item of goods and materials as of 05/01/18 is 20 kg for 200 rubles. for the amount of 4000 rubles. Purchased in May:
05/04/18 – 100 kg for 220 rubles. in the amount of 22,000 rubles;
05/08/18 – 30 kg for 200 rubles. for 6000 rubles;
05/15/18 – 50 kg for 250 rubles. for 12500 rub.
The cost of sold inventory items was written off at prices calculated on the date of sales:
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Average cost at the date of sale |
Deregistered |
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(4000 + 22,000) / (20 + 100) = 216.67 rubles. |
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(4000 + 22 000 + 6000) / (20 + 100 +30) = 213,33 |
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(4000 + 22 000 + 6000 + 12 500) / (20 + 100 + 30 + 50) = 222,50 |
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Cost price 222.50 rub. is a weighted average, it is used to equalize the cost of previous sales, i.e., writing off 150 kg of goods should be adjusted to the price of 222.50 rubles. The cost of sales will be 33,375 rubles. (150 x 222.50), which is more than the recorded amount of 31,491.60 rubles. for 883.40 rub. This figure is an adjustment to the cost of writing off inventory items.
Postings:
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Operation |
Sum |
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05/04/18 – receipt of goods and materials |
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05/07/18 – write-off of cost of sales (CC) |
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05/08/18 – receipt of goods and materials |
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05/10/18 – write-off of SS |
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05/15/18 – receipt of goods and materials |
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05/16/18 – decommissioning of the SS |
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05/31/18 – adjustment |
In the example given, the cost is adjusted upward; in practice, the moving average price sometimes exceeds the weighted average. In such cases, it is relevant to adjust the implementation downward. The postings here will be the same, but the clearing amount will be negative.
Example 2
The company purchased goods (no balance at the beginning of the month):
05/04/2018– 20 units. 1500 rub.
05/07/2018 – 30 units. 1000 rub.
Sold 05/05/2018 10 units. 1500 rub. The accountant will make notes:
Example 3: adjusting the cost of an item when closing the month using the FIFO method
The cost of inventory items is written off in accordance with the chronology of their receipt. The company purchased inventory items:
05/03/18 – 10 kg for 1000 rubles;
05/07/18 – 10 kg for 1400 rubles.
Implemented:
05/08/18 – 10 kg for 1000 rubles.
At the end of the month, the accountant will calculate the average price:
(10,000 + 14,000) / (10+10) = 1200 rub. and adjust the write-off of inventory items. Postings:
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Operation |
Sum |
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Receipt of goods and materials: |
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05/08/18 – decommissioning of the SS |
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SS adjustment ((1200 – 1000) x 10) |
We talked about the essence of the adjustment operation. In accounting programs, with appropriate settings, cost equalization occurs automatically.
In the "Accounting" configuration, edition 4.4, the ability to calculate the actual cost of materials is implemented, which includes two functions: the actual adjustment of the cost of materials in accounting and the write-off of permanent differences in the cost of materials. 1C methodologists spoke in more detail about these functions in one of the latest releases of the ITS disk.
Adjustment of actual cost of materials
The adjustment is made if the organization's accounting policy provides for the write-off of materials based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period).
Note that with such an accounting policy, the periodic constant “Option for using average estimates of the cost of materials” should have the value “Weighted estimate (based on the average monthly cost)” on the date of the “Month Closing” document.
During the month, a sliding estimate is used in expenditure documents when writing off the cost of materials. In this case, the average cost of material assets is determined at the time of their release (that is, at the time of the document on consumption). If during the month there was a purchase of materials at prices different from the average cost of balances for the corresponding items, then the rolling estimate for write-off gives slightly different results than the weighted one*.
Note:
* The terms “weighted assessment” and “rolling assessment” were introduced into practice by the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.
Example.
Let’s say that as of May 1, 2002, there were 100 kg of nails worth 2,400 rubles in the warehouse of Nasha Stroika LLC.
On May 4, 2003, 10 kg of nails were supplied. Their cost was 240 rubles. (2400:100x10). The balance in the warehouse after this operation is 90 kg in the amount of 2,160 rubles.
On May 13, 2003, 20 kg of nails were received into the warehouse at a price of 30 rubles. for 1 kg, in the amount of 600 rubles. On May 20, 2003, 10 kg of nails were supplied; their cost based on a rolling estimate will be (2,160+600): (90+20)x10=250.91 rubles.
Thus, a total of 20 kg of nails were written off in the amount of 490.91 rubles. (240+250.91).
With a weighted assessment, the cost of written-off nails will be (2,400+600): (100+20)x20=500 rubles.
The difference is small (500-240-250.91=9.09), but it exists. If the release of the first 10 kg of nails occurred after the purchased batch arrived at the warehouse, then the difference would be zero.
The procedure “Adjustment of the average cost of writing off materials” makes additional entries in accounting in such a way that the write-off was ultimately (for the month as a whole) made using the weighted average cost method.
The specific algorithm is as follows:
1. The average monthly cost is calculated for each material for each subaccount of account 10 (except for subaccount 10.7 “Materials transferred for processing” and subaccount 10.11 “Special equipment and special clothing in use”);
2. For each of the accounts (and objects of analytical accounting for them, that is, subconto) to which the material in question was written off, the adjustment amount is calculated: the difference between what should have been written off using the average monthly cost method (the product of the average monthly price of the material by its the amount written off within the framework of this correspondence of accounts) and the amount actually written off;
3. An entry is made for the amount of the adjustment.
Example (continued).
The adjustment in our case will be 9.09 rubles, as calculated above. If during the month both cases of material write-off were reflected in the debit of account 20 “Main production” for the same accounting object (for example, construction of a fence) and the credit of account 10.1 “Raw materials and materials”, then the following entry will be made when adjusting :
Debit 20 Credit 10.1 - 9.09 rub.
If the first write-off was made to account 20, and the second to account 26 “General business expenses” (for example, for repairs of office premises), then the adjustment will be made as follows.
The average cost of 1 kg of nails per month will be 25 rubles.
Subaccounts of account 10.11 “Special equipment and special clothing in operation” have special analytics (subaccount “Purpose of use”, as well as “Employees” or “Divisions”) and a special procedure for reflecting transactions described in the Guidelines for accounting for special tools and special devices , special equipment and special clothing, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 26, 2002 No. 135n. Therefore, for these subaccounts, the algorithm for adjusting the cost of materials is performed in a special way:
- adjustments are made only for those accounting objects, the cost of which is completely written off upon transfer to operation (for other objects, a special adjustment is not necessary, since the gradual write-off of the value of these objects begins only from the month following the month of transfer to operation, and the value of the assets will already be reflected taking into account all adjustments);
- during execution, additional analytics are taken into account (that is, for each purpose of use, etc. separately).
Write-off of permanent differences in the cost of materials
If an organization applies the provisions of PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax calculations” (the constant “PBU 18/02 is applied” is set to “Yes”), then when performing this procedure, permanent differences related to materials and accounted for are calculated and written off. on the auxiliary off-balance sheet account NPR "Permanent differences" (sub-account NPR.10).
Just as when adjusting the cost of materials, permanent differences are calculated and written off separately for subaccounts of account 10.11 “Special equipment and special clothing in operation” (differences are written off from the credit of subaccount NPR.10.2) and separately for the remaining subaccounts of account 10 (from credit subaccount NPR.10.1).
Permanent differences are written off in proportion to the cost of the materials themselves used for certain purposes. The calculation is made in the following order:
1. The balance of material in quantitative terms at the beginning of the month is added to the amount capitalized during the month (in this case, returns to suppliers and internal movements are subtracted from the total quantity of materials capitalized).
2. By dividing the sum of permanent differences reflected in the NPR account by the total amount of material (obtained in the previous paragraph), the average sum of permanent differences per unit of material is obtained.
3. The amount of permanent differences written off to the corresponding subaccount of the NPR account is determined as the product of the amount of permanent differences per unit of material by the amount of material spent for certain purposes.
The permanent differences are written off as follows.
The account to which the cost of materials is charged |
Sub-account of the NPR account to which permanent differences are written off |
| 10.11 “Special equipment and special clothing in operation” (any subaccount) | NPR.10.2 |
| Subaccounts of account 10 "Materials", except for subaccount 10.11 | NPR.10.1 |
| 20 "Main production", type of item with type "Service (UTII)" | Not indicated, since differences are subject to write-off without further accounting |
| 44.1.2 "Costs of distribution in organizations engaged in trading activities subject to UTII" | Not indicated, since differences are subject to write-off without further |
| Subaccounts of account 90 "Sales", not related to UTII (90.2.1, 90.7.1, 90.8.1), accounts 91.2 "Other expenses" and 99 "Profits and losses" | NPR.99 |
| Other accounts (23, 25, 29, 41, etc.) | The code of the subaccount of the NPR account coincides with the code of the account to which the cost of materials is attributed |
In conclusion, we note that in connection with the described function of writing off permanent differences, organizations that apply the norms of PBU 18/02 and which have permanent differences in the cost of materials must carry out the procedure “Calculation (adjustment) of the actual cost of materials” even if actual adjustment of the cost of materials in accounting is not required (a weighted estimate of the average cost of materials is used).
In the Directory of Business Operations. 1C:Accounting added a practical article “Adjusting the cost of materials at the end of the month (average cost)”, which discusses an example where an organization writes off materials for production at a moving average cost. At the end of the month, the cost of written-off materials is adjusted to the weighted average.
Clause 16 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n) (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5/01) it is determined that when release of materials(and other inventories) into production, an enterprise for accounting purposes can write off their value in one of the following ways:
- at the cost of each unit;
- at average cost;
- at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).
Materials evaluation at average cost occurs for each group (type) of inventory by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of inventory by their quantity, consisting respectively of the cost price and the amount of balance at the beginning of the month and the inventory received during a given month (clause 18 of PBU 5/01). In this case, the application of methods for average estimates of the actual cost of materials can be carried out in the following ways:
- based on the average monthly actual cost ( weighted assessment), which includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period);
- by determining the actual cost of the material at the time of its release ( rolling estimate), while the calculation of the average estimate includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts until the moment of release.
If in the program account policy settings "1C: Accounting 8" If the method for assessing inventories is established “At average cost”, then materials are written off to production at the average moving cost. When closing the month, the cost of written-off materials is brought to the weighted average.
In addition, in connection with the release of new releases, practical articles according to the edition have been updated in the reference book.
Routine operations for closing the month in the program "1C: Integrated Automation 8"
3.0 et ed. 2.0 “Accounting for fines (penalties) received under the contract (supplier’s position)”, “Registration of an incoming invoice (from the supplier)” and “Partial return of goods from the buyer”.
For other directory news, see here.
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Closing operations of the reporting period
Adjustment of the average cost of materials write-off
This procedure is necessary if the organization’s accounting policy provides for the write-off of materials based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the quantities and costs of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period). During the month, a sliding estimate is used in expenditure documents when writing off the cost of materials. In this case, the average cost of material assets is determined at the time of their release (i.e. at the time of the document on consumption). If during the month there was a purchase of materials at prices different from the average cost of balances for the corresponding items, then the rolling estimate for write-off gives slightly different results than the weighted one.
Comment:
Terms "weighted assessment" And "rolling estimate" introduced into practice by the “Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories”, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.
Example.
Let as of 05/01/2003
Post navigation
There were 100 kg in the warehouse of Our Organization LLC. nails worth 2400 rubles.
On May 4, 2003, 10 kg of nails were supplied. Their cost was 240 rubles. (2400:100*10). The balance in the warehouse after this operation is 90 kg in the amount of 2160 rubles.
On May 13, 2003, 20 kg of nails were received into the warehouse at a price of 30 rubles. for 1 kg, in the amount of 600 rubles.
On May 20, 2003, 10 kg of nails were supplied, their cost based on a rolling estimate will be (2160+600): (90+20)*10=250.91 rubles.
Thus, a total of 20 kg of nails were written off in the amount of 490.91 rubles. (240+250.91)
With a weighted assessment, the cost of written-off nails will be (2400+600).(100+20)*20=500 rubles.
There is a difference between the two assessment methods (500-240-250.91 = 9.09 rubles). If the release of the first 10 kg of nails occurred after the purchased batch arrived at the warehouse, then the difference would be zero.
The procedure makes additional accounting entries so that the write-off is ultimately (for the month as a whole) made using the weighted average cost method.
The specific algorithm is as follows:
- the average monthly cost is calculated for each material for each subaccount of account 10 (except for subaccount 10.7 “Materials transferred for processing”);
- for each of the accounts (and analytical accounting objects for them, i.e. subconto) to which the material in question was written off, the adjustment amount is calculated. It is equal to the difference between what should have been written off using the average monthly cost method (the product of the average monthly price of the material and its quantity written off within the framework of this correspondence of accounts), and the amount actually written off;
- an entry is made for the amount of the adjustment.
Adjustment of the average cost of write-off of goods
The algorithm and purpose of this procedure in relation to account 41 “Goods” are similar to the algorithm and purpose of the procedure "Adjustment of the average cost of materials write-off".
If an organization accounts for goods in warehouses (account 41.1) at acquisition cost, and in retail trade (account 41.2) at sales prices, then the procedure for adjusting the average cost of writing off goods can, in principle, be applied only in relation to writing off goods from a warehouse.
However, in addition to adjusting the data on the write-off of goods from the credit of account 41 "Goods", when performing this procedure, an adjustment is also made to the average cost of writing off goods shipped (account 45).
The peculiarity of the algorithm for adjusting the average cost of goods shipped is that the calculation of the weighted average cost of a unit of goods in this case is carried out separately for each counterparty and contract.
Error closing account 20 in NU
The amounts for 43 and 10 accounts in NU are reversed at the end of the month
Error closing the month: no postings to NU for finished products
Adjustment of write-off value in accounting and tax accounting in 1C 8.2
When closing the month with the routine operation Adjustment of write-off value, negative entries are made for the non-written-off item, entry 90.02.1dt - 41.01kt, the amount in red is negative.
These are the frequently asked questions about the problems of closing a month when using 20 accounts in accounting.
D To eliminate such errors, it will often be enough to refer to the accounting policy settings. If everything is closed correctly in accounting, but errors occur in tax accounting, then the first thing that needs to be done is to check the setting in the “Income Tax” section in the current accounting and tax accounting policies. In this section, you can specify a list of cost items that should be considered direct in tax accounting. See below for more details and screenshots:
The most convenient way to analyze errors of this kind is to use the account analysis report, in the settings we select account 20.01 and in the indicators we display the amount (BU), amount (NU), amount (PR) and amount (BP). In our case, there are erroneous amounts of VR (time differences) and of course the period of interest, choose the smallest possible period for ease of analysis, in order to avoid analyzing a large amount of data.
It’s worth looking at the breakdown of amounts (NU), the transaction report. In it you can immediately see the incorrect amounts generated by routine operations.
Having restored the chronology of the formation of operations in the 1C program, we find the root cause of the error. In our case, this is an obvious incorrect closing of expenses from account 20.01 to account 90.08 using the “direct costing” method.
To eliminate this kind of error, let us turn our attention to the current accounting policy of the organization:
Open the “Income Tax” section and in this section look at the “List of direct expenses” settings. You can create a single entry specifying invoice 20.01, or you can create entries specifying specific cost items.
Then we repeat the operations of closing the month and get the result that is correct for us.
I hope that this article will help you avoid wasting a lot of time searching for and correcting errors that arise in your work.
The document “Adjustment of the cost of write-off of goods” is intended for routine adjustment of the cost of write-off of goods for the month.
When posting the document, an adjustment is made to the cost movements according to batch accounting for the month. Adjustment is necessary for:
Calculation of the weighted average cost of write-off of batches when using the “By average” method of assessing inventories;
Accounting for additional expenses for the purchase of goods capitalized after write-off of goods;
Accounting for additional expenses for the purchase of goods, capitalized before the receipt of goods by the documents “Customer declaration for import” and “Receipt of additional. expenses”, in which the party document is not indicated. These documents can be posted without specifying party documents only according to management accounting. Accordingly, when adjusting the cost of writing off goods, the distribution of pre-recorded additional expenses to receipts of batches is carried out (only for management accounting).
Important! Adjustment of the write-off value is not supported for the “Item Kit” document, the components of which include the kit itself
Features of filling out the “Organization” details when posting a management accounting document
Starting from version 1.2.15, the “Organization” attribute when posting a document by managerial accounting required for filling.
Filling out the “Organization” detail and the number of required documents “Adjustment of write-off value” depend on the settings for the method of maintaining management party accounting specified for enterprise organizations.
Organizations for which management party accounting for the organization " not carried out».
For such organizations, enter documents “Adjustment of the cost of write-off of goods” not required
for the company as a whole».
Must be entered one common document “Adjustment of the cost of write-off of goods” and indicate in it any of such organizations
Organizations for which management party records are maintained " by parent organization».
Must be entered one document at a time“Adjusting the cost of writing off goods” for each parent organization. In the “Organization” detail, indicate any of the organizations belonging to this parent organization
Organizations for which management party records are maintained "according to the current organization."
For each such organization it is necessary to enter separate document “Adjustment of the cost of write-off of goods”
Settings for methods of maintaining management batch accounting are made in the form «
setting up accounting parameters»
on the “Costs and Costs” tab
This is necessary for the correct operation of the complex VAT accounting mechanism if, for example, an enterprise has sales for export or sales without VAT.
Important! When using the advanced accounting and cost analytics mode, you do not need to enter the “Adjustment of the cost of writing off goods” document. Its functions are performed by the document “Calculation of production costs”
